For Catholics, the candidate must be able to narrate the sacred facts of the Old and the New Testaments in the form presented by a good biblical school history, must have knowledge of biblical geography necessary for the comprehension of the sacred history, have some practice in finding the truths of faith and moral prineiples contained in the narrations, and must know the number, divisions, and chief contents of the Holy Books. The diocesan catechism must have been memorized, and a comprehension of both terms and contents must be proved by repetition of the various thoughts in the candidates' own words. He must have memorized twenty hymns, the contents of which he must understand thoroughly and recite with good emphasis. He is expected to be familiar with the lives and works of the most important saints of the church and the diocese, as well as with the prayers prescribed for Catholic Christians.

(B) German Language.-Knowledge of etymology and syntax, also of derivatives and compounds. Grammatical rules must be proved and exemplified by means of proverbs or model sentences from the writings of German poets and popular authors. Candidates must be able to read correctly as to enunciation and emphasis without previous preparation, and be able to give an account of that which is read. They must be able to determine to what parts of speech words belong, to determine the class and kind of sentences, and be able to analyze sentences. They must have become familiar with the most important kinds of poetry by studying the German classics, and must have memorized a few epic poems of Schiller, Uhland, Rückert, and understand them, recite them with expression, and give an account of their contents. They must be able to write correctly, that is, without errors in spelling and grammar, and make a composition on a subject lying within their circle of observation and experience.

(C) Arithmetic.-Skill in mental arithmetic, familiarity with approved methods of written arithmetic. Matter: The four fundamental rules with abstract and denominate numbers, with whole numbers, common and decimal fractions, simple proportion and the common business rules, including equation of payments and alligation. Elementary solution of algebraic problems: The candidate must show ability for independent, correct, and quick solution of problems, and prove that he has an insight into the reasons for his method of procedure.

(D) Geometry.-Elements of planimetry and mensuration.

(E) Geography.-General acquaintance with the continents and oceans, more minutely with the geography of Europe, and thorough acquaintance with that of Germany; the fundamental principles of mathematical geography, commonly called elementary astronomy.

(F) History.-Chief events of ancient history (such as the Trojan war, the Persian wars, the golden era of Greece, Alexander the Great, foundation of Rome, the kings, the expulsion of Tarquin, Camillus, the Gauls, the Punic wars, and other events), the origin and spread of Christianity, the great migrations, familiarity with the chief personages and events of the German and the Brandenburg-Prussian history to the present time. A comprehension of the causal nexus in history should not be expected, neither a complete knowledge of historical dates; it is sufficient when the candidate has learned history from good biographies, but it is absolutely required of him to be sure of his knowledge and of his dates.

(G) Natural history and science.—The natural history of the three kingdoms must have been studied in their types and families; acquaintance with important agricultural plants, poisonous plants, and with fauna and flora of his native place is required. In physics he must have studied the most important principles, and of chemistry, the bare elements will suffice. It is most desirable that the candidate have acquired scientific truths by experimenting in the laboratory.

(H) Calligraphy.-Skill in rapid penmanship and in writing with crayon on the blackboard. In all his writing he must show legible, clean, and elegant penman

(1) Drawing: Freehand and mechanical drawing; some exercise in rapid sketching, and drawing on the blackboard.

(K) Music.-The candidate must be able to sing twenty of the most familiar hymns and popular airs. The singing must be free of gross errors in intonation, measure, accent, and expression. Likewise he must possess some skill in reading music, such as easy hymns or melodies. On the piano he must have well studied the scales in major and minor, be able to execute some studies and sonatas, likewise read music, that is, casy pieces on the piano. On the violin the candidate must be able to play the most important major and minor scales in slow tempo, but in good tone and in the first position of the hand; he must be able to play on the violin any hymn or popular air which he can sing from memory; likewise read music, that is, execute melodies fairly well which he has not played before. Correct knowledge of the principles of the technique of instrumental music should be duly required. Of the theory of music it is sufficient for him to know the different signs, measures, and scales; the common technical terms, the theory of intervals, and the relation of scales. In harmony the candidate must be able to name and play the major and minor triad as well as the seventh chord in any key and render its relations to other chords. On the organ the candidate must have played elementary manual and pedal exercises; be able to play at sight a four-part hymn and easy compositions from memory.

(L) Gymnastics.-The candidate is required to perform all the exercises contained in the new guide for gymnastics in the Prussian peoples' schools.

These regulations were issued in 1872 by the then minister of public instruction, Dr. Falk, and they have not been changed since. Following we give an account of the course of study in the normal school itself; after that we shall see what the requirements for admission are in other States of the Empire.

In the Kingdom of Saxony the normal schools have a course of six years-three for preparatory and three for professional study. The students are admitted at the completion of the fourteenth year of age with an education such as a good elementary school offers to pupils between the ages of 6 and 14, but in addition to that the rudiments of the French (or the English) language are required. The result of an examination-not a diploma or a certificate-determines the admission.

2. PRESENT MANAGEMENT OF PRUSSIAN NORMAL SCHOOLS AND COURSE OF STUDY.

Management.

SECTION 1. Every State normal school must have one graded and one ungraded practice school in organic connection with it, to be used as experimental schools. SEC. 2. The work of these practice schools is to be carried on, under supervision of the normal school principal, by a special class teacher who is to be one of the faculty of the normal school.

SEC. 3. The course of study of the normal school is of three years.

SEC. 4. It must be the aim of the first year's work to promote uniformity in the students' accomplishments, coming as they do from various preparatory and secondary schools. The students should be taught to arrange their knowledge logically; to supplement it and learn to reproduce and apply it independently. During the first year of the course the normal students are not brought into contact with the work in the practice school. During the second year, the students receive those additions to their academic knowledge which are necessary for their future voca

tion; but all new knowledge offered is to be rendered in a manner that will aid its reproduction and application in teaching. In the practice school, the students of this grade merely listen and make notes during lessons given by the members of the faculty, but may be called upon to aid in keeping order during recess, and give lessons occasionally. During the senior year the academic studies are completed in such a manner that constant reference to sources of information will enable the graduates to continue their studies alone. In the practice school the seniors share the practical work with the members of the faculty, and try to cover the whole ground of the elementary course by giving lessons in every branch of study.

No senior student shall teach less than 6 or more than 10 hours per week in the practice school, and no one may graduate who has not had the requisite practice in teaching religion, grammar, arithmetic, sin ging, and in one of the other branches prescribed. Hence a change of daily programme is to be made at least three times during the year. At the close of such terms (determined by a change in the programme) a practical examination in teaching is to be held for those seniors who have completed their part of the work. This examination is attended by the students, in the capacity of visitors, who have been designated as the successors of those examined.

SEC. 5. The academic work done is carefully recorded in the journal of progress, which record serves as a guide in examinations at the close of the term and year. All annual examinations are conducted by the faculty and extend over all the branches of the course.

SEC. 6 At the close of a year's work all the members are promoted to the next higher course. If any student fails in annual examination, the faculty moves his dismissal, and the provincial school council acts upon the recommendation. Permission to repeat the year's course is given only when the deficiency was caused by severe and protracted illness.

SEC. 7. The two lower grades have each twenty-four hours' and the third fourteen hours' academic instruction each week, exclusive of the several technical and optional studies, such as music, drawing, calligraphy, gymnastics, laboratory work, foreign languages, and the like.

SEC. 8. The study of all branches of the elementary school course and of pedagogy is obligatory. The extent to which students may be excused from instruction in organ-playing depends partly upon the degree of proficiency acquired prior to admission, partly upon local circumstances, but each case must be decided by the faculty in a body.

SEC. 9. French, English, and Latin are optional studies. Students who have never studied any of these languages prior to their admission to the normal school shall not be allowed to take up studies in foreign languages unless they show that they possess exceptional linguistic talent. French is to be given the preference.

SEC. 10. The instruction given to normal students shall be in its form a model of that which the teacher himself afterward is expected to give. He is to consider, equally, correctness on the part of the teacher in offering new material and oral as well as written reproduction on the part of the pupil.

Dictating and writing from dictation during lectures are strictly prohibited. Each branch of study, however, should be represented by a brief sketch in form of a guide as a text-book.

All instruction given should offer the method together with the subject matter, and should lead toward independent treatment. The students should be exercised in continuous speech and free delivery not only in language lessons, but in every lesson. SEC. 11. In order to promote instruction and study, each normal school must have a good library, a laboratory for study in physics, where possible one for chemistry, and a practical collection of approved objects for objective teaching.

SEC. 12. Where the separate institution of a students' library, though it be but a section of the general school library, is impracticable, it should be the aim of the ED 92-11

faculty to pay attention to the literary needs of the students in the purchase of new books. The new acquisitions should be selected with a view to offering the students suitable matter for entertainment as well as proper supplement and aids to instruction; but, above all, model or classic representation is to be aimed at. To this class of books may be counted the complete works of our classical poets; also the most noted poets and popular authors of modern time, so far as they are comprehensible to the students; always provided they promote the educational object of the institution. There should also be books on the history of education; that is to say, beside the most noted works of great pedagogues of the last three centuries, as found in collections such as The Pedagogical Library of Karl Richter, models of good juvenile books, beginning with the first efforts during the time of the philanthropists. The students' library should also contain models of popular representation of the world's and home geography, universal history, and the history of civilization; also the writings of Schleiden, Tschudi, Masius, Brehm, Werner Hahn, Ferd. Schmidt, Wildenhahn, W. Baur, Gustav Freitag, Riehl, and collections like Grubes, etc.

SEC. 13. The use of books for private reading on the part of the students must be regulated and controlled during lessons. It must be so arranged that the students have the choice between books of like character, and only the reading of such works should be made obligatory the use of which appears necessary, such as Lessing's Minna von Barnhelm, Schiller's Wallenstein, Goethe's Hermann and Dorothea, Pestalozzi's Lienhard and Gertrud.

SEC. 14. The students must be given opportunities for private association, such as mutual reading hours, musical entertainments, botanical excursions for the purpose of cultivating a desire for higher studies.

SEC. 15. At least once a month all instruction must be suspended for an entire day. The time thus gained is to be employed in independent occupations, and no school exercises shall encumber the freedom of the day.

SEC. 16. In making out the daily programme care must be taken that the student's own instruction is not in any way abridged by his occupation in the practice school; hence the academic instruction in the senior class must be arranged so that it will not interfere with the time devoted to practical teaching in the practice school; in the junior class some of the lessons should be given after school hours in the practice school. (NOTE.—Many practice schools in these training colleges have only one session, from 8 a. m. till 1 p. m.)

SEC. 17. The instruction in normal schools must follow a course of study the details of which are to be determined upon by the faculty, but the course is subject to the approval of the minister of education. He also sanctions or rejects the selection of text-books. As far as the local circumstances of the institution will permit, the course of study must embrace the following subjects and be based upon the principles hereafter set forth:

3. COURSE OF STUDY.

Pedagogy.

SEC. 18. Grade first.-Two hours per week. The essentials of the history of education and instruction in vivid pictures of the most noted reformers, the great educational epochs, the most interesting and successful improvements in public education. To supplement these summaries the chief works of pedagogical literature since the great church reformation are to be used as books of reference. The selection of these books is to be guided by the topics discussed in class, and the work should be so treated that the student must comprehend the character and contents of the entire works.

Grade second.—Two hours per week. A general theory of education and instruetion, with the essential parts of logic and psychology. (a) The matter of instruction. (b) The form of instruction. (c) Training (or education through instruction).

Grade third.—Five hours per week. Special theories of education and instruction. Methods of instruction. The office of the teacher. Management and organization of school. Supplementary work of the teacher. Outside duties. The students to be made acquainted with governmental regulations. One hour is to be used by the principal of the practice school for discussion of the practical work of the students and an exchange of observation and criticism.

Religion.

SEC. 19. Grade first.—Four hours. Biblical history of the Old Testament. The different biblical stories are to be developed and made useful from a religious and a moral standpoint, and the students be trained in narrating these stories in proper language and style. Psalms and other poetical portions of the Old Testament. The church hymn and its development. The hymns prescribed by the course of study should be treated in form and contents and in chronological order, thus illustrating the history of church poetry. Memorizing hymns is prescribed only for grades first and second.

Grade second.-Four hours. Biblical history of the New Testament with special reference to the gospels and selections from the epistles of the apostles. Explanation of the church calendar and the arrangement of divine service. The catechisms of the respective confessions, with constant reference to biblical history and suggestions for the practical treatment of the matter in school. During the second part of the year at least one hour a week must be applied to model or trial lessons in the practice school.

Grade third.—Two hours. Knowledge of the Bible (in Protestant normal schools reading of the Bible, to wit, the Acts, the epistles of St. Paul, the book of Job, and portions of Isaiah). The essentials of church history. The method of religious instruction is to be shown by test lessons that illustrate all the various forms; that is, biblical history, application of biblical references, study of the gospels, catechism, hynms, and church history. Suggestions for the further study of the subject. The religious text-books, such as catechism and school Bible, should be read in such a manner that the student may afterward use and explain them independently, but the instruction should by no means be confined to the limits drawn by these books; hence the application and frequent use of other similar books is strongly recommended. The course of study for Catholic normal schools should contain also memorizing and explanation of prayers, the use of which the church declares a religious duty.

German language.

SEC. 20. Grade first.-Five hours. (a) Grammar: simple, compound, and complex sentences in easy combinations. The parts of speech, declension, comparison, conjugation. Rules of orthography and punctuation. (b) Reading: in connection with exercises in oral expression and written composition, source of information concerning the essence and form of poetry; the elements of metric, the most important facts concerning rhyme. Kinds of poetry: lyric poetry, the song, epic poetry, poetic narration, legends, sagas, fairy stories, ballads; didactic poetry, fable, and parable. Grade second.-Five hours. (a) Grammar: more minute knowledge of complex and abbreviated sentences; etymology, the rection of verbs, adjectives, and prepositions; formation of words and punctuation. (b) Reading as in first grade. Poetry and prose selected for reading should be more difficult in extent, form, aud contents than those treated in grade first. Lyric, epic, and dramatic poetry in general, popular airs, ode, ballad, romance, epos, and drama. (c) Rhetoric and practical instruction in language lessons and model lessons in the schoolroom.

Grade third.-Two hours. Review of the course in grades first and second; extension of the course of reading. Methods of language instruction in connection with trial lessons.