of statutory organizations as may be warranted to provide personnel for provisional units until all organizations have been brought up to the strength prescribed in the Tables of Organization. (Par. III, G. O. 37, 1915–2293798, A. G. O.)

83. Statistical data reports of organizations.-1. Regimental commanders of Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Infantry, battalion commanders of Engineers, and coast defense commanders in case of Coast Artillery companies serving under them will submit, through the department commanders concerned, to The Adjutant General of the Army on June 30 of each year, for the fiscal year ending on that date, a tabulated report showing for each troop, battery, or company of their respective organizations and for each regimental headquarters the statistical data called for under the following headings: (a) Number of officers present.

(b) Number of enlisted men.

(c) Number of serviceable private mounts.
(d) Number of serviceable public mounts.
(e) Number of expert riflemen.
(f) Number of sharpshooters.
(g) Number of marksmen.
(h) Number of reenlisted men.

(i) Number of men in first year's service.

(j) Number of convictions by summary court during year. (k) Number of convictions by special court during year. (1) Number of convictions by general court during year. (m) Number of desertions during year.

(n) Number of men discharged under paragraph 148, A. R. (0) Number of men dishonorably discharged.

(p) Number of captains, first lieutenants, and second lieutenants, respectively, and of commanding officers of each troop, battery, or company during year, with date of assignment of each officer.

(q) Number of battalion or squadron commanders during year, with date of assignment of each commander.

(r) Value of property lost by desertion during year.

(8) Value of ordnance property issued to replace unserviceable property during year.

(t) Value of quartermaster property issued to replace unserviceable property during year.

(u) Amount of troop, battery, or company fund on June 30. (v) Total disbursements from that fund during year,

2. Form No. 531, A. G. O., for rendering the tabulated report, will be furnished from The Adjutant General's Office to the commanding officers concerned. (Par. I, G. O. 15, 1915— 2263552, A. G. O.)

84. Historical record of organizations.-1. In every staff corps and department, regiment, battalion not forming part of a regiment, and independent troop, battery, or company will be kept a detailed history of the services of the organization. This history will, at all times, be kept as nearly up to date as possible.

The chief or commanding officer of the organization will cause the history to be prepared under his immediate supervision. The historical record thus kept should contain information concerning the original formation, recruitment, changes in organization, increase and decrease in strength, stations of the organization or parts thereof, arrival at and departure therefrom, marches, campaigns, battles, etc.

It should give the names of officers and men killed and wounded in action, or who may have specially distinguished themselves, with rewards and decorations received.

Before books and papers are destroyed under paragraphs 258 and 281, Army Regulations, they should be carefully examined to see that everything of historical value therein has been embodied in the history of the organization.

2. As soon as possible after the end of each calendar year the chief or commanding officer of every organization required to keep a history under this order will forward directly to The Adjutant General of the Army a copy of so much thereof as relates to the past calendar year. (G. O. 1, 1905–953158, M. S. O., as amended by Par. II, G. O. 7, 1910, and Par. II, G. O. 24, 1912.)

TRAINING, INSTRUCTION, AND EMPLOYMENT OF TROOPS.

85. Training of mobile army.-1. Object of training.— Readiness for active service, and especially for the particular kinds of active service in which the troops are most likely to be engaged, is the objective to be kept in view in all peacetime training and preparation. The activities of all concerned will consequently be directed to the attainment of that end.

To be prepared for such service the troops must not only be thoroughly instructed, but also must have a high morale, based on consciousness of ability to meet successfully all the

demands of war. The value of an organization is to be judged by its all-around ability to take the field and to meet successfully every phase of war service.

2. Bases of training.—Study, drill, and practical application form the bases of training. By study, knowledge of principles and methods is acquired; by drill, skill in the mechanisın of methods and in the performance of habitual duties is gained. It is by practical application that officers and men learn to adapt to actual cases the knowledge and skill they have acquired. Facility in so doing is of the utmost importance, since on service a great variety of practical problems present themselves, each of which must be solved on the basis of its own particular requirements. Hence, as soon as proficiency in elementary methods is attained, the applicatory system will be employed, commencing with simple problems and gradually widening the scope so as to introduce the greatest possible variety of conditions. To this end all tactical exercises, whether theoretical or practical, whether with or without troops, will be based upon an assumed situation. In all exercises in the field a concrete case will be stated, calling for the actual employment of the organization concerned, and the or ganization is then employed to meet the requirements of this case. The strength and character of the opposition to be expected, the nature of the terrain, the obstacles to be overcome being known or developed as the solution proceeds, the opportunity is afforded not only of applying appropriate general principles and tactical methods, but also of putting to practical use many minor phases of instruction which had previously been the subject of drill-ground training. Thus, the service of security and information, signaling, field fortifications, pioneer work, the passage of obstacles may all be incidents of the operation involved, and, being natural incidents, the purpose of the previous drill and instruction becomes apparent, as well as the difficulties liable to arise under the varied conditions of service. The more nearly the conditions of service are simulated and the greater the variety of the incidents introduced, the more instructive will these exercises be.

Such exercises may be conducted at first as map problems or terrain exercises for the training of officers and selected enlisted men.

Study, drill, and practical illustration follow a generally progressive order as indicated below; but instruction of the

three kinds should be in a measure concurrent, to the end that the reasons for instruction, the purposes to be attained, and the conditions under which the duties will have to be performed may be continually kept in mind.

The prime immediate need of the Army is correct tactical training of officers and noncommissioned officers in handling commands appropriate to their rank. In this training the study of strategic combinations on a large scale should be avoided, except in so far as such study may bear upon the solution of the problems under consideration, and all such study should be incident to, and form the basis for, the tactical training of officers and their commands.

In order that study and training may be properly directed and that a unified doctrine of tactics may be taught the entire service, all tactical instruction of the mobile army will be conducted in accordance with the principles taught at the service schools and the Army War College, as set forth in the books employed and as illustrated in the approved solutions at those institutions. Graduates of the service schools and the Army War College will be utilized, as far as practicable, to assist in the work contemplated in this order.

3. Annual course of training.-A progressive scheme is to be followed for each year's instruction. The annual course comprises garrison training and field training, though no sharp line of distinction is to be drawn between the two. For the purpose of illustrating practically the principles taught, or emphasizing the importance of phases of detailed training, instruction appropriate to one period may frequently be held within the period assigned to the other.

4. Garrison training.—The period of garrison training will be devoted especially: (a) To theoretical and practical instruction in the various garrison schools, and (b) to drill and practical instruction preparatory to field training.

(a) War Department orders prescribing regulations to gov. ern post and garrison schools lay down specifically the course to be followed in the more elementary schools for officers and enlisted men. Brigade commanders will devote special attention to the postgraduate scheme of instruction, which will run through the entire period of garrison training. A principal feature of postgraduate instruction will be studies, map problems, and war games based on strategical and tactical situations to be stated for the brigade by the War Department and

by the brigade commander for the tactical components of his brigade. The postgraduate course of instruction will also include such map problems, terrain exercises, tactical or staff walks or rides, or other work pertaining to the local terrain as brigade commanders may prescribe; this portion of the course may be made to amplify the work of the elementary schools for officers and enlisted men, as well as the drill and practical instruction preparatory to field training.

(b) Drill and practical instruction preparatory to field training embraces specially: Drill of the company, battery, and troop and all of the units thereof, mounted and dismounted; the preliminary training for fire action and firing exercises on a represented or actual terrain with targets represented to scale or actually designated, thus giving opportunity to train the personnel both in the mechanisms of fire and in appropriate methods of directing, controlling, and adjusting fire; the rudiments of the service of security and information, including the preparation and transmission of orders and messages; map making and map reading for officers, noncommissioned officers, and selected privates; exercises in leaving the post with a part or all of the command equipped for prolonged service in the field; bayonet combat; swordsmanship, mounted and dismounted; visual signaling; gymnastics, athletics, and swimming, including swimming with arms and equipment under proper precautions as to safety; equitation, horse training, and packing; tent pitching; guard duty and ceremonies; first aid and the hygienic care of the person; care of equipment of all descriptions.

5. Field training embraces especially: Range practice; field firing exercises with service ammunition; field fortifications, including the reconnaissance and selection of positions, and the actual construction of appropriate intrenchments; the service of security and information (Field Service Regulations); marches and convoys; maintenance of communication between the elements of a command by signals and by messenger; the care of men and animals, including the preparation and service of food, shelter, and the service of sanitation and supply; the passage of obstacles; night operations; map making in accordance with the needs of the arm of service concerned; swimming of horses and men, to include swimming with arms and equipment under proper precautions as to safety; packing and exercises in the solution of transportation