upgrading program for unemployed school dropouts. The boys learn about the job market. They learn what it takes to get a job and keep it. They are helped to reach a new level of self-confidence and job security. In New York City the school system has developed a program called higher horizons. It begins in the third grade and continues throughout grade school careers. It concentrates on youngsters who are lagging in academic achievement, showers them with help in basic subject, and enlarges their vision with trips to cultural centers, industrial establishments, laboratories, and universities. The effects are powerful.

How many Princeton football stars know that newspaper accounts of their team's victories are avidly followed by a group of kids in East Harlem? Many boys and girls shake off their "don't care" attitude and let loose a burst of creative energy. High school graduation rates have increased markedly from these schools, and a number of college scholarships have been won. One interesting and significant effect is a sizable jump in IQ scores as the program hits home.

I have given just a few illustrations of new programs that show promise. I could list others, such as the halfway houses in home neighborhoods for boys released from training school; daily group therapy and work projects for boys on probation; sheltered workshops for further job training.

Good programs like these are scattered widely in different communities throughout the country. We need a chance to tie some of them together in the same community. We need to test their combined effect. The problem is larger than any single program can encompass by itself. From such demonstrations in several communities we hope for results which other communities can follow with confidence.

Thus far I have mentioned only projects that have already been tried in some communities and found promising. But there are also many new and interesting ideas which, if given a chance, might help young people in trouble. Let me give a few examples.

One idea is to develop a program for giving needy and talented high school students part-time work as reading teacher assistants. They could be trained to work under the direction of a remedial reading instructor in overcoming the reading deficiencies of grade school children.

Such a program might have several advantages. It would permit good students from very poor families to withstand pressures to quit school for work. It would give tangible public recognition that good school work can pay off. It would provide these students with an early supervised teaching experience and set for the poor reader in grade school a worthy and respected example of achievement.

Another interesting suggestion would permit welfare and recreation agencies to recruit paid volunteers from street club gangs. The volunteers could be trained to help in different types of service and recreational programs in their own neighborhoods. They could spend part time in the training program and the rest in supervised work with the agencies. This is similar to a neighborhood service corps, but one in which material recognition is given for the work that is done, training for a service career may begin, and recruitment is from boys and girls in the area itself.

A program of home visiting by teachers in slum neighborhoods might be tried out. In neighborhoods containing many new migrants to the city, the child often lives in two different cultural worlds, at school and at home. Frequently, he plays one against the other. What is needed is a bridge between those most concerned with the child's growth. Extra time for teachers to visit and talk with parents might be one way of creating a more unified and understanding adult world for such children.

These ideas need further study but they offer some promising examples of what can be done to meet our needs. Title I of this bill will provide the opportunity to try out these ideas, to determine their merit, to promote those that succeed.

One of the serious roadblocks had been the lack of trained personnel to carry out these programs. All the service agencies complain about this shortage. We need further training for police, court, and institution personnel. But we need, even more desperately, experienced persons to staff these new community prevention programs.

Under title II of this bill we hope to encourage such training programs not only by correctional agencies but also by youth-serving public and private agencies in the community. The bill permits us to move freely with fellowships, stipends, travel allowances, and institutional support as needed.

We now are considering plans for developing several regional training centers located at universities which have shown special interest in training persons for this area of work. We hope that the community demonstration projects under title I can also provide training opportunities for the new talent we need.

It would be a serious mistake, however, to think that specialized training for professional staff will do the job alone. We need volunteers in these prevention programs and we need lots of volunteers. We should not forget that groups of volunteers started these service programs for youth many years ago. We have gone through a period in which professional staff has been recruited to do most of this work. Today we are witnessing a resurgence of volunteer interest in service to young people.

The Government cannot and does not want to do the job of the private volunteer agencies. It can help supply what these agencies so desperately need—a pool of trained professional personnel.

Perhaps we are entering on a new era of partnership between professionals and volunteers that will weld together a new combination of dedication, knowledge, and enthusiasm. These volunteers will need improved training opportunities. To understand and meet the needs of these youngsters is often a most demanding job. Cultural barriers usually have to be crossed. Wisdom, humor, and patience are the tools of success.

The bill also authorizes the development of technical assistance and information programs. We need to collect information on good preventive programs to distribute to other communities for effective use.

We need more accurate facts on the types and amount of delinquency in different communities. Not to be able to secure an accurate national report on delinquency is a serious handicap. The Federal Bureau of Investigation provides statistics on youth crime as a part of its uniform crime-reporting program. The Children's Bureau collects statistics from a sample of juvenile courts throughout the country. Neither

of these agencies has had the resources to develop the type of reporting which will help communities most effectively.

Technical assistance to local communities and correctional agencies will play a major part in our delinquency work. Such aid spreads good programs to areas where they are needed most. In a new attack on delinquency, we will need these new resources to handle the increased demands for technical help.

Responsibility for administering the program is charged to me as Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. On all matters of general policies and procedures arising in the administration of this act, I will be working closely with the President's Committee on Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime.

I will also receive recommendations from this Committee concerning demonstration, training, and technical assistance projects.

This Committee was created by Executive order on May 11, 1961. It is composed of the Attorney General, the Secretary of Labor, and the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, under the chairmanship of the Attorney General.

The Committee will also have the advice of a citizens advisory committee of 12 to 21 members. These persons will be selected from both public and voluntary organizations. They may be recognized authorities on delinquency or citizens who are leaders in such programs.

The purpose of the President's Committee is to bring about more effective interdepartmental planning and coordination of Federal programs for delinquency prevention. Such cooperative efforts at Federal, State, and local levels of government is absolutely essential for successful preventive work.

The bill authorizes up to $10 million a year for the next 5 years. Obviously, this modest sum will not solve the delinquency problems of the Nation. It will, however, permit the Federal Government to stimulate greater local efforts to control and prevent such conduct. We urge your adoption of this important legislation. We see it as a desirable step in the mobilization of knowledge and experience to cope with the delinquency problem.

Thank you very much, Madam Chairman, and members of the committee.

Mrs. GREEN. Thank you, Mr. Secretary, for your very effective statement and your very persuasive arguments for Federal assistance in this field.

I also would congratulate this administration and your Department on the excellent program that you have outlined and, even more important, your well-known determination to do something about these problems.

Mr. Secretary, the appropriation in the bill is limited to $10 million a year for each of 5 years. In your opinion, and from the statistics and facts which are available to your Department, would you say there is actually any cost in this program?

I am thinking of the cost to the Nation if we do not do something about delinquency. I am thinking of the cost, of keeping a youngster in an institution which I believe is $4,200 a year in the state of Washington, for example.

Secretary RIBICOFF. I would say, when you talk about cost, there is no way that you can possibly measure what it means to salvage a

human being or measure what a human being is worth. Not only are we dealing with youngsters, but I think that we are dealing with a basic problem for the whole fabric of American society. Juvenile delinquency has involved not just sporadic, individual escapades of youngsters getting into trouble while growing up, but has developed into gangs carrying on warfare within many cities, completely out of hand, completely out of control. We are trying to solve something that must be solved if we are going to maintain a nation based on law and order and respect for constituted authority.

This problem is becoming so vast. It is increasing in its devasting effects so that it has become national in scope, and I think we have to make a start on controlling it.

Mrs. GREEN. Do you know what is the average cost in the various States of keeping a youngster in an institution?

Secretary RIBICOFF. About $3,000. That is $3,000 a year. When you analyze all the costs in a training school, that is about it.

Mrs. GREEN. Is that just domiciliary care, or does that really include the services of psychiatrists and so forth?

Secretary RIBICOFF. I would say it includes all the services to keep a youngster in an institution.

Of course, one of the problems that you have is that there are very few institutions that have enough trained personnel to handle it. Psychiatrists are in such short supply. Try and find a full-time psychiatrist for any of these institutions. It is one of our most difficult jobs, I think. You are lucky if you can get a consultant to come in and work on a part-time basis. This is something I found in my own State. To try to get people who are very interested is difficult because there are not enough trained people available.

I think one of the greatest problems we are going to have to face in title II of this bill is to help train people capable of handling all types of offenders and all areas of juvenile delinquency work; such as work in reformatories or psychiatric treatment institutions, vocational guidance centers, or handling these youngsters on the streets and in the schools.

It is a very big problem. As I indicated before, $10 million is not going to solve it; it is not going to cure it. But I do really believe that there is much that we have to learn, there is much that we have to try. Ten million dollars is a very cheap investment for this learning. Maybe it will all be wasted, but how are we going to know if we do not try out some of these ideas?

Mrs. GREEN. I have not been able to follow the hearings on the youth employment legislation that is before another subcommittee, but you referred to the complete program that this administration has proposed for young people.

Secretary RIBICOFF. That is right.

Mrs. GREEN. I have been a little bit concerned that one of the programs would be under another department while this program would be under your Department. Do you see any advantage or disadvantage to that arrangement?

Secretary RIBICOFF. I personally do not see any disadvantage at all. I say this because, frankly, all of us in the Cabinet work so harmoniously together, with mutual respect and understanding, that there is no doubt in my mind whatsoever that the Attorney General

and the Secretary of Labor and myself, with our staffs, are going to be able to work out a coordinated program. This problem has so many aspects that each of us has an important role to play.

If we are going to solve it, we must pull together all the various remedies that would have an impact on juvenile delinquency and the future of our young people.

So it does not concern me at all that different phases of the total program will be in other departments. It will be the sole responsibility of this Department to administer the demonstration projects and the research and training. However, we will sit down together to try to relate these to housing problems, labor problems, or criminal investigation problems. I think this is necessary. When I first started to consider this program early in February, it became very obvious to me that there is no one answer to juvenile delinquency. You have to attack it from all sides. You cannot say this is just a social problem, leave it to the social worker. There are youngsters who do commit serious crimes and must be handled by our criminal authorities. And to say you are going to let them go free is wrong, too. Until you can eliminate law violation, society must protect itself from those who are guilty of these crimes.

There is also the job of working with the youngsters who are in reformatories or training schools. How can we develop the best they have in them. When they are released to society, how can they be best reintegrated into the community. Many of these are matters of concern especially for the Attorney General.

When it comes to labor questions the Secretary of Labor will carry primary responsibility.

What the President has in mind in this program is for the three of us to work in close coordination on an overall attack involving every phase of this problem. We may also bring certain problems to the Housing and Home Finance Agency. We have had discussions already with Mr. Weaver as director of HHFA, because we feel that questions of housing, urban renewal, and slums have to be considered.

I have felt for a long time that one of the weaknesses of many urban renewal programs has been the failure to build a strong community life among the different elements of the community. It is not enough to tear down an old slum and in its place put up new housing, stores, or parking lots. When slums are torn down and rebuilt, we also require schools, recreational opportunities, and those other different phases of community living that will make it a going, worthwhile community.

What we seek to do is to bring together all relevant phases of governmental support so that we will not be acting at cross purposes; so that we will know what one another are doing at any given time; so that we may use our collective knowledge and experience to work out an overall program. This is our objective, Madam Chairman. Mrs. GREEN. Mr. Giaimo, do you have any questions?

Mr. GIAIMO. I am happy to see my good friend and neighbor, the Secretary, with us this morning.

I would like to speak about the specific function of your Department.