=1 pound. APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT.-20 grains=1 scruple; 3 scruples=1 dram; 8 drams=1 ounce; 12 ounces AV IRDUPOIS VEIKT (short ton).-27 11-32 grains=1 dram; 16 drams=1 ounce; 16 ounces=1 pound; 25 pounds=1 quarter: 4 quarters=1 cwt.; 20 cwt.=1 ton. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT (long ton).-27 11-32 grains=1 dram; 16 drams=1 ounce; 16 ounces=1 pound; 112 pounds=1 cwt.; 20 cwt.=1 ton. TROY WEIGHT.-24 grains-1 pennyweight; 20 pennyweights=1 ounce; 12 ounces=1 pound. CIRCULAR MEASURE.-60 seconds=1 minute; 60 minutes=1 degree; 30 degrees=1 sign; 12 signs= 1 circle. CUBIC MEASURE.-1,728 cubic inches=1 cubic foot; 27 cubic feet-1 cubic yard. DRY MEASURE.-2 pints=1 quart; 8 quarts=1 peck; 4 pecks=1 bushel. LIQUID MEASURE.-4 gills=1 pint; 2 pints=1 quart; 4 quarts=1 gallon; 31% gallons=1 barrel; 2 barrels 1 hogshead. LONG MEASURE.-12 inches-1 foot; 3 feet-1 yard; 5% yards=1 rod or pole; 40 rods=1 furlong; 8 furlongs 1 statute mile; 3 miles-1 league. MARINERS' MEASURE.-6 feet-1 fathom: 120 fathoms=1 cable length; 7% cable lengths=1 mile; 5,280 feet-1 statute mile; 6.085 feet-1 nautical mile. SQUA E MEASURE.-144 square inches=1 square foot; 9 square feet-1 square yard; 304 square yards=1 square rod or perch; 40 square rods=1 rood; 4 roods=1 acre; 640 acres 1 square mile; 36 square miles (6 miles square)=1 township. TIME MEASURE.-60 seconds=1 minute; 60 minutes=1 hour; 24 hours=1 day; 7 days=1 week 365 days=1 year; 366 days 1 leap year. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES. The following is a summary of weights and measures in use among the principal nations of the globe, with their equivalents in the standards of the United States: Arabia (Mocha).-Length: the guz=25 inches; the covid=19 inches; the kassaba=4.1 yards. Liquids: 128 vakias=8 nusfias=1 gudda=2 gallons. Weights: 40 vakias=1 maund=3 pounds avoirdupois; and 150 maunds=15 frazils=1 bahar=450 pounds. The weights of Egypt are used in some parts. Argentine Republic (See Spain).-Metric system legal and used in customs. Obligatory. Austria.-Length: 1.728 punkte=144 linien=12 zoll=1 fuss-1 0371 feet; 6 fuss-1 klafter; and 4,000 klafter 1 meile=4.7142 miles. Surface: 1,600 square klafter 1 joch=1.4223 acre. Liquid: 80 kannen= 40 masse 4 viertel-1 eimer=14.95 gallons; and 32 eimer=1 fuder. Dry: 16 mühlmaassel=8 achtel=4 viertel 1 metze=1.745 bushels; and 30 metzen-1 muth. Weight: 1 loth=270.2 grains; and 32 loth=16 unzen=4 vierding=2 mark=1 pfund=1.2352 pound. The measures differ in some parts; the French measures, under different names, were made legal in 1876. Obligatory. Baden. The fuss is 0.9842 feet; the stütze, 3.963 gallons; the malter, 4.257 bushels=15 déckalitres; the pfund, 1.1029 pound avoirdupois. Metric system since 1872. Bwaria.-The fuss is 0.9517 feet; the eimer, 16.944 gallons; the scheffel, 6.31 bushels; the pfund, 1.2346 pound. Metric system since 1872. Belgium. Since 1820, the French weights and measures, but retaining mainly the Dutch names; as, aune or elle for metre; litron or kan for litre; livre or pond for kilogram. In weight, the denominations, ascending by tens, are the korrel, wigtje, lood, ons, and the pond=2.20486 pounds. Surface: 100 square elles=1 are=119.6033 square yards. The cubic elle=1 stere=1.308 cubic yard. Bohemia.-The Prague foot=11.88 inches. The measures are generally those of Austria. Brazil-In general, those of Portugal. But of Brazil pounds, 99-100 pounds avoirdupois; 5 varas =6 yards. The m dida=3-5 gallon; the alqueire=1.135 bushel; the mark=7.3781 ounces troy. Metrio system now legal and obligatory. Bremen.-The fuss is 11.386 inches; the morgen, 0.6343 acre; the viertel, 1.915 gallon; the scheffel, 2.102 bushels; the pfund=2 mark=16 unzen=32 loth=1.096 pounds avoirdupois. (See Germany.) Canada and other British Possessions in North America.-The weights and measures are those of Great Britain. Metric system legal, but not obligatory. Cape of Good Hope.-The Dutch standards were formerly in use, but are now mainly superseded by the English. Chui. In general, those of Spain. Metric system legal and obligatory. Ching.-Length: 100 fans 10 tsuns=1 chik or covid=13.125 inches; and 100 chiks 10 cheungs or fathoms 1 yan=109.4 feet. Liquid: 100 kops=10s ings=12 catties=1 tau=1.318 galions; and 10 taus=1 hwuh 13.18 gallons, Weight: 16 taels=1 catty or pound=1%1⁄2 pound avoirdupois: 100 catties=1 pecul or tam 133 pounds. Cuba.-Generally, tho e of Spain. In trade are also used 100 libras=4 arrobas=1 quintal=101.75 pounds avoirdupois; the vara=33.333 inches; the fanega=2.9 bushels; the arroba for wine, 3.42 gallons. Denmark.-Length: 144 linies 12 tommes=1fod=1.0238 feet; and 24,000 fods=12.000 aiens=1 miil =4.68 miles. Liquid: 8 potts=4 kandes=2.041 gallons. Dry: 36 potts=2 skjeppens=1 fjerding=0.990 bushels; and 88 fjerdings=22 töndes=1 last=86,84 bushels. Weight: 32 orts=1 unze=1.1029 ounces avoirdupois; and 16 unzes=2 marks=1 pund=1.1029 pounds; 16 punds=1 lispuud; 20 lispunds=1 skippund=352.9 pounds. East Indies (Bengal, Calcutta).-Length: 36 jows=12 ungleez=3 moots or hands=1 span=9 inches; and 8 spans 4 cubits=2 guz or yards=1 fathom: 1,000 fathoms=1 coss 13-22 miles. Weight (bazaar): 80 siccas 16 chittaoks=1 seer=2.0533 pounds and 40 seers=1 maund. In Madras, the marcal is 3.25 gallons; the vis, 3,125 pounds. In Bombay, the hath is 18 inches; the parah, 3.33 bushels; the seer. 0.7 pound. Many other variations, of course, exist in the different districts and islands. The metric system is now legalized, but the kilogramme is called ser. Special weights and measures may be authorized by the governor-general, but must be a multiple or submultiple of the above. Egypt. The common cubit=22.667 inches; that for Indian goods, 25 inches; for European cloths, 26.5 inches. Dry: 24 rubahs 6 weybehs=1 ardeb=5.00 bushels. Weight: 144 dirrhems=12 ukkiyehs=1 pound or rutl=15.75 ounces avoirdupois; and 100 rutis=1 cantar. The weights and measures vary, however, in different parts. France.-Length: 1,000 millimetres 100 centimetres 10 decimetres=1 metre=39.37079 inches; and 10,000 metres=1,000 decametres=100 hectometres 10 kilometres=1 myriametre=6.21382 miles. Surface: 100 centiares 1 arc, i. c., 1 square decametre=0.0247 acre; and 100 ares=10 decares 1 hectare. Liquid: 1.000 millilitres=100 centilitres=10 decilitres=1 litre, i. e., 1 cubic decimetre=61.02705 cubic inches=2.1134 pints; and 10,000 litres=1,000 decalitres=100 hectolitres=10 kilolitres=1 my rialitre 2,641.8 galls. Solid: 10 decisteres 1 stere, i. e., 1 cubic metre=35.3166 cubic feet; and 10 steres 1 decastere. Weight, 1,000 milligrammes=100 centigrammes=10 decigrammes=1 gramme=15.43 grains troy; and 10,000 grammes= 1,000 decagrammes=100 hectogrammes=10 kilogrammes-1 myriagramme 22.046 pounds avoirdupois. In the old system, of length: 144 lignes 12 pouces=1 "pied de roi"=12.79 inches; and 12,000 pieds= 2,000 toises-1"lieue de poste." Weight: 72 grains=1 gros; and 128 gros=16 onces=2 marcs=1 poids de marc 1.3116 pounds troy. Frankfort-on the Main.-The fuss is 11.27 inches; the viertel, 1.895 gallons; the malter or achtel= 4 simmer 3,256 bushels; the pfund=1.0314 pounds avoirdupois. (See Germany.) Genoa. The palmo is 0.8173 feet: the piede manuale 1.226 feet; the piede liprando, 1.6857 feet ; the braccio, 1,907 feet; the barile=50 pinte=19.605 gallons; the quarto 12 gombette=0.427 bushel; the rottolo 18 once=1.0483 pounds avoirdupois. (See Italy.) Germany.-The great diversity of weights and measures which has heretofore obtained in the different States has recently been done away with by the obligatory use of the metric standards throughout the Empire. The old measures are noticed under the heads of the different States. In the use of the metric system there has been some adaptation of names to the language. Units of length: the metre or stab, zentimetre or new zoll, millimetre or strich. Surface: ar and hektar. Capacity: litre or kanno, hectolitre or fass; 50 litres mase 1 scheffel; litre is called schoppen. Weight: kilogram=2 pfund; 50 kilograms=1 zentner; 1,000 kilograms=1 tonne. The values of the metric units are precisely the same as in France. Great Britain.-The denominations and values in the measures of length, surface, and solidity are the same as those of the United States. The same is true of the various systems of weight. The stone is 14 pounds. The units of liquid and of dry measure at present differ from those of the United States, being those known as the imperial: 1 imperial gallon=1.2006 U. S. gallons; 1 imperial bushel=1.0315 U. S. bu-hels. In customary use measures of the same name differ. Thus, in wine measure: 32 gills=8 pints=4 quarts=1 gallon; 36 gallons=1 tierce; 11⁄2 tierce=1 hogshead; 2 hogsheads-1 pipe, butt or puncheon. Beer measure: 32 gills=8 pints=4 quarts=1 gallon; and 36 gallons=4 firkins=2 kilderkins=1 barrel; 3 kilderkins (54 gallons)=1 hogshead; 4 hogsheads=2 butts=1 tun. Dry (the gallon the same as for liquids): 32 gills-8 pints=4 quarts=1 gallon; 8 gallons=4 pecks=1 bushel; and 80 bushels=20 coombs= 10 quarters 2 weys 1 last. The pottle is 1⁄2 gallon; the strike, 2 bushels. The hogshead, pipe, and puncheon (liquid measure) differ also in the case of different wines or other spirituous liquors intended. The old Scottish and Irish measures differed from the English, and were also variable with locality. Greece.-The French metrical system is in use. Of old measures of length, the short and long picha are 25 and 27 inches; the cubit, 18 inches; the stadium, 600 feet; the kila is 0.9152 bushel; the pound, 0.8811 pound avoirdupois. Hamburg. Length: 96 achtel-12 zoll=1 fuss-0.9408 feet; and 2 fuss-1elle; the meile=4.6807 miles. The morgen=2.3852 acres. Liquid: 16össel=8quartier=4 kannen=2stübchen=1 viertel-1.9074 gallons; and 120 viertel-24 anker=6 ohm=1 fuder; the eimer is 4 viertel. Dry: 8 spinte-2 hinted fass-1.4941 bushels; and 60 fass=30 scheffel-3 wispel-1 last. Weight: 32 pfennige=8 quentchen=2loth=1 unze= 1.068 ounces avoirdupois; and 16 unzen=2 mark=1 pfund=1.068 pounds. (See Germany.) Hanover.-Length: 144 linien or 96 achtel-12 zoll=1 fuss-0.9542 feet; and 16 fuss-8 ellen=1 ruthe; 25,400 fuss 1 meile=4.5901 miles. Liquid: the denominations have the same scale and names as in Hainburg, except that the össel is called nössel, the viertel being 2.072 gallons; the cimer is 16.576 gallons. Dry: 24 vierfass or 18 drittel=6 himt=1 malter=5.3056 bushels; and 16 malter=2 wispel-1 last. Weight: scale and names as in Hamburg, except the use of örtchen for spinte, the pfund being 1.0731 pounds avoirdupois. (See Germany.) Italy. The metric system is now legal throughout the Kingdom. For the former local weights and measures see names of States. Japan.-Length: the unit is the shaku=11.948 inches; 1 shaku=10 sun=100 boo; 6 shaku=1 ker: 60 ken=1 cho; 39 cho=1 ri=2.444 miles. Surface: 6 shaku square-1 tsubo; 300 tsubo=10 se=1 tau; 10 tau-1 cho=2.458 acres. Capacity, dry and liquid: 100 sho=10 to 1 koku=5,169 bushels; 10 go=1 sho= 0.481 gallon. Weight: 1 momme 57.97 grains; 1,000 momme=1 kuamme; 160 momme=1kin, also called catty, 1.325 pounds avoirdupois. Lubeck. The fuss is 0.9542 feet; the viertel, 1.979 gallons; the scheffel, 1.01 bushel; the pfund, 1.0686 pounds avoirdupois. (See Germany.) Me klenburg. The weights and measures are the same, throughout this State, as those of Hamburg, except that the measures of capacity are those of Lubeck. (See Germany.) Mexico.-The weights and measures are those of Spain, but with many local variations. The vara is 32.97 inches; the fanega, 1.55 bushes; the libra, 1.0142 pounds avoirdupois. Morocco.-The cubit or canna is 21 inches; the pic, 26 inches; the commercial pound is 1.19 pounds, and the market pound, 1.785 poundsavoirdupois. Naples. The palmo is 0.8652 feet, and the miglio, 1.147 miles; the moggio, 0.87 acre; the berilo (wine, &c.), 11.57 gallous, and the stajo (oil), 2.616 gallons; the tomolo, 1.450 bushels; the libbra, 0.5594 pounds troy. (See Italy.) Netherlands.-The French metrical system has been in use since 1817, but with the Dutch names. Length: the denominations from the millimetre to the kilometre inclusive take the names streep, duim, palm, elle, roede, mijle; the elle=1 metre. Liquid: from the centilitre to the hectolitre inclusive, the names are vingerhoed, maatje, kan, vat; the kan=1 litre. Dry: from the decilitre to the hectolitre the names are maatje, kop, schepel, mudde or zak; the kop=1 litre; 30 mudde=1 last. Weight: from the decigramme to the kilogramme the names are korrel, wigtje, lood, ons, pond; the wigtje=1 gramme. Norway.-(See Sweden.) Metric standards now legal. Persia. The royal guertze is 371⁄2 inches; the common, 25 inches; the artaba, 1.851 bushels; the rattel, 1.0568 pounds avoirdupois. Poland.The lokiec is 22.68 inches; the morg, 1.384 acre; the garniec, 1.057 gallons; the funt, 0.894 pound avoirdupois. Portugal.-Length: 12 pontos-1 linha; 96 linhas 8 pollegadas 1 palmo or span=0.7214_feet; and 10 palmos 2 varas=1 braca or fathom; the milha=1.2786 miles. The geira is 1.4453 acre. Liquid: 2 quartilhos 6 canadas-1 pote, cantaro, or alqueire=at Lisbon 2.185 gallons, at Oporto 3.313 gallons; and 2 potes-1 almude. Dry: 32 outavas=4 alquieres=1 fanga=at Lisbon 1.535, and at Oporto 1.937 bushels; and 15 fangas-1 moio. Weight: 12 graos 3 scropulos 1 outava; 128 outavas 16 oncas-1 arratel= 1.01186 pounds avoirdupois; and 128 arratels=4 arrobas=1 quintal=129.518 pounds avoirdupois. Prussia.-Length: 1.728 scrupel=144 linien=12 zoll=1 fuss-1.0238 feet; and 12 fuss-fruthe; 2.000 ruthen=1 postmeile. The morgen is 0.631 acre. Liquid: 120 Ussel=60 quartier-2anker-1eimer=18.146 gallons; and 12 eimer 6 ohm=1 fuder. Dry: 64 mässchen 16 metzen=4 viertel-1 scheffel=1.560 bushels; and 72 scheffel 6 malter=1 last. Weight: 128 quentchen-321oth=16 unzen=2mark (Cologue) =1 pfund=1.0311 pounds avoirdupois. Metric system now legal and obligatory. (See Germany.) Rome.-Length (commercial): the pie is 0.965 feet; the palmo, 0.733 foot; the braccio, 2.561 feet; the palmo for cloth is 8.347 inches. Length (in architecture, &c.): 120 decimi=12 once=1 palmo=0.7325 foot; and 10 palmi=1 canna, the catena being 57% palmi; and the pie=16 once-0.9767 feet. Liquid: 16 quartucci 4 fogliette=1 boccale=0.4816 gallons; 32 boccali=1 barile, and 16 barili=1 botte. Dry: 44 quartucci=1% scorzi=1 starello=0.5222 bushel; and 16 starelli 4 quarte=1 rubbio. Weight: 24 grani =1 denaro; 24 denari=1 oncia; 12 once=1 libbra=0.7477 pound. (See Italy.) Russia.-Length: 16 vershoks=1 arshin=28 inches; and 1.500arshin=500 sazhens=1 verst (properly versta)=0.6629 mile. Liquid: 100 tcharkas 1 vedro 3.219 gallons; 3 vedros=1anker (ankerok), and 40 vedros 1 sorokovaya. Dry: 16 garnets 8 tchetverkas 2 tehetveriks=1 payak=1.489 bushels; and 4 payaks 2 osmins=1 tchetvert. Weight: 96 doli=1 zolotnik=0.1504 ounces avoirdupois; 12 lanas (each 8 zolotniks), or 32 loths (each 3 zolotniks) 1 funt=0.9026 pound avoirdupois; aud 1,200 funts=30 poods= 10 berkovetz=1 packen. Saron.The fuss is 0.929 foot; the kanne is 1.2723, and the eimer 20.039 gallons; the viertel is 0.737, and the solid f12 9.3 bushels; the pfund=16 unzen=1.0309 pounds avoirdupois. (See Germany.) Siam.-Tao is 3.153 feet; the sesti, bushel; the tuel 0.129, and the catty 2.583 pounds avoir dupois. Sici y.-The palmo is 9.53 inches; the salma (Messina), 23 07 gallons; the grossa, 9.90 bushels; the libbra, 0.7 pound; and tue rottolo, heavy and light, 1.925 and 1.75 pounds avoirdupois. (See Italy.) Spain. The metric system is now the legal one. Is obligatory. The old weights and measures, as used in Madrid and Castle, are: Length: 144 puntos=12 lineas=1 pulgada=0.927 inch; 12 pulgadas =2 sesmas 1 pie=0.9273 feet; and 12 pies=4 varas=1 estadal; the palmo is 8.346 inches; the legua=8,000 varas 4.2152 miles. Liquid: 12 copas=32 cuartillos=8 azumbres=1 arroba or cantaro-4.263 gallons for wine; for oil, 1 arroba=3.318 gallons. Dry: 16 ochavillos=4 raciones=1 cuartillo; and 48 cuartillos=24 medios-12 almudes-1 fanega=1.60 bushels; and 12 fanegas=1 cahiz=19.20 bushels. Weight: 12 granos 1 tomin; 48 tomines=16 adai mes=8 ochavas=1 onza=0.0634 pound; and 16 onzas=2 marcos=1 libra=1.0144 pounds avoirdupois. Swe ten and Norway.-Length: 144 linies=12 tums=1 fot=0.9742 foot; an16 fots=3 alns=1 famn; 6,000 famns=1 mil=6.6423 miles. Liquid: 32 jungfrus-8 qvarters 2 stops=1 kanna=0.691 gallon: and 48 kannas 1 tunna=33.17 gallons. Dry: 224 orts=56 qvarters=14 stops=7 kaunas=1 fjerding=0.5196 bushel; and 8 fjerdings=2spanns=1 tunna=4.157 bushels. Weight (commercial): 128 qvintins=32 lods =16 uns 1 skalpund 0.9376 pound avoirdupois; and 400 skalpunds 20 lispunds=1 skeppund=375.04 pounds. The above are the old measures. The system has since been decimalized, but based upon former units; 100 linies=10 tums=1 fot=11.679 inches; 100 fots=10 stangs=1 ref. In both wet and dry capacity measure the cubic tum, cubic fot, &c., are used. In weight 100 korrs=1 ort; 100 orts=1 skalpund=0 93379 pound; 100 skalpunds=1 centner; 100 centners=1 last. The metric system went into effect in 1878. Obligatory. Switzerland.-Prior to 1856 almost every Canton had different measures; the present uniform system is semi-metric, and is obligatory. Length: 100 lignes 10 pouces 1 pied=30 centimetres or 11.8112 inches; 10 pieds=1 perche; 16,000 pieds=1 lieue=2.993 miles. Surface: the arpent, 400 pieds square= 3.558 acres. Liquid: the, ot, 1.5 litre or 1.585 quart, is subdivided into %, 4%; 100 pots=1 muld=4 setier. Dry: 10emines=1quateron 15 litres or 0.4257 bushel. Weight: the livre or pfund=500 grammes or 1.1023 pounds; 100 livres-1 quintal; 32 loth=16 onces=1 livre. In the German Cantons the German names are used. Tripoli. The Turkish dreah or pic=3 palmi-26.42 inches; the less dreah 19.03 inches. The barile =24 bozze=17.12 gallons. The ueba=4 temen=16 orbahs=3.05 bushels. The okie=1 ounce troy; 1,600 okies=100 rottols=1 cantar=109.7 pounds avoirdupois. Turk y. The pic or pike is 26 8 inches; the almud, 1.382 gallons; the killow, 0.940 bushel. Weight: 400 drams=4 chequees=1 oke=2 8286 pounds avoirdupois; and 45 okes=1 kintal or cantaro=127.3 pounds at Smyrna, but 140.3 pounds at Constantinople. The metric system now obligatory. Tuscany. The palmo is 0.9575 foot; the braccio, 1.915 feet: the barile (wine)=20 fiaschi=40 boccali =12.04 gallons; the sacco 3 staja=12 quarti=2.075 bushels; the libbra=12 once=96 dramme=0.7486 pounds avoirdupois. (See Italy.) United States.-(See above.) Venetia. In the decimal system, introduced in 1803, the metro or braccio 10 palmi=100 diti-the French mètre, and 1,000 metri=1 miglio; the soma=10 mine=2.7512 bushels; the libbra metrica=10 once=100 grossi=1,000 denari=2.2046 pounds avoirdupois. West Indies. In those now or originally belonging to England, France, Holland and Denmark, respectively, the British, French, Dutch, and Danish systems chiefly prevail. Spanish measures are partly in use in Trinidad, however; the Spanish vara in Curacoa; and in some of the Danish isles the British yard and the old French aune=46.85 inches. |