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citizens; reports on public and official actions taken by Members of Congress; and discussions of proposed or pending legislation or governmental actions and the positions of the Members of Congress on, and arguments for or against, such matters;

(C) the usual and customary congressional questionnaire seeking public opinion on any law, pending or proposed legislation, public issue, or subject;

(D) mail matter dispatched by a Member of Congress between his Washington office and any congressional district offices, or between his district offices;

(E) mail matter directed by one Member of Congress to another Member of Congress or to representatives of the legislative bodies of State and local governments;

(F) mail matter expressing condolences to a person who has suffered a loss or congratulations to a person who has achieved some personal or public distinction;

(G) mail matter, including general mass mailings, which consists of Federal laws, Federal regulations, other Federal publications, publications purchased with Federal funds, or publications containing items of general information;

(H) mail matter which consists of voter registration or election information or assistance prepared and mailed in a nonpartisan manner;

(I) mail matter which constitutes or includes a biography or autobiography of any Member of, or Members elect to, Congress or any biographical or autobiographical material concerning such Member or Member-elect or the spouse or other members of the family of such Member or Member-elect, and which is so mailed as a part of a Federal publication or in response to a specific request therefor and is not included for publicity purposes in a newsletter or other general mass mailing of the Member or Member-elect under the franking privilege; or

(J) mail matter which contains a picture, sketch, or other likeness of any Member or Member-elect and which is so mailed as a part of a F'ederal publication or in response to a specific request therefor and, when contained in a newsletter or other general mass mailing of any Member or Member-elect, is not of such size, or does not occur with such frequency in the mail matter concerned, as to lead to the conclusion that the purpose of such picture, sketch, or likeness is to advertise the Member or Member-elect rather than to illustrate accompanying text.

(4) It is the intent of the Congress that the franking privilege under this section shall not permit, and may not be used for, the transmission through the mails as franked mail, of matter which in its nature is purely personal to the sender or to any other person and is unrelated to the official business, activities, and duties of the public officials covered by subsection (b) (1) of this section.

(5) It is the intent of the Congress that a Member of or Member-elect to Congress may not mail as franked mail

(A) mail matter which constitutes or includes any article, account, sketch, narration, or other text laudatory and complimentary of any Member of, or Member-elect to, Congress on a purely personal or political basis rather than on the basis of performance of official duties as a Member or on the basis of activities as a Member-elect;

(B) mail matter which constitutes or includes

(i) greetings from the spouse or other members of the family of such Member or Memberelect;

(ii) reports of how or when such Member or Member-elect, or the spouse or any other member of the family of such Member or Memberelect, spends time other than in the performance of, or in connection with, the legislative, representative, and other official functions of such Member or the activities of such Member-elect as a Member-elect; or

(iii) any card expressing holiday greetings from such Member or Member-elect;

(C) mail matter which specifically solicits political support for the sender or any other person or any political party, or a vote or financial assistance for any candidate for any public office; or

(D) any mass mailing when the same is mailed at or delivered to any postal facility less than 28 days immediately before the date of any primary or general election (whether regular, special, or runoff) in which such Member or Member-elect is a candidate for public office. For the purpose of this clause (D), the term "mass mailing" shall mean newsletters and similar mailings of more than 500 pieces in which the content of the matter mailed is substantially identical but shall not apply to mailings—

(i) which are in direct response to inquiries or requests from the persons to whom the matter is mailed;

(ii) to colleagues in Congress or to government officials (whether Federal, State, or local);

or

(ii) of news releases to the communications media.

The House Commission on Congressional Mailing Standards and the Select Committee on Standards and Conduct of the Senate shall prescribe for their respective Houses such rules and regulations and shall take such other action, as the Commission or Committee considers necessary and proper for the Members and Members-elect to conform to the provisions of this clause and applicable rules and regulations. Such rules and regulations shall include, but not be limited to, provisions prescribing the time within which such mailings shall be mailed at or delivered to any postal facility to attain compliance with this clause and the time when such mailings shall be deemed to have been so mailed or delivered and such compliance attained.

(b) (1) The Vice President, each Member of or Member-elect to Congress, the Secretary of the Senate, the Sergeant at Arms of the Senate, and each of the elected officers of the House of Representatives (other than a Member of the House), until the 1st day of April following the expiration of their re

spective terms of office, and the Legislative Counsels of the House of Representatives and the Senate, may send, as franked mail, matter relating to their official business, activities, and duties, as intended by Congress to be mailable as franked mail under subsection (a) (2) and (3) of this section.

(2) If a vacancy occurs in the Office of the Secretary of the Senate, the Sergeant at Arms of the Senate, an elected officer of the House of Representatives (other than a Member of the House), or the Legislative Counsel of the House of Representatives or the Senate, any authorized person may exercise the franking privilege in the officer's name during the period of the vacancy.

(c) Franked mail may be in any form appropriate for mail matter, including, but not limited to, correspondence, newsletters, questionnaires, recordings, facsimiles, reprints, and reproductions. Franked mail shall not include matter which is intended by Congress to be nonmailable as franked mail under subsection (a) (4) and (5) of this section.

(d) (1) A Member of the House may mail franked mail with a simplified form of address for delivery

(A) within that area constituting the congressional district from which he was elected; and

(B) on and after the date on which the proposed redistricting of congressional districts in his State by legislative or judicial proceedings is initially completed (whether or not the redistricting is actually in effect), within any additional area of each congressional district proposed or established in such redistricting and containing all or part of the area constituting the congressional district from which he was elected, unless and until the congressional district so proposed or established is changed by legislative or judicial proceedings.

(2) A Member-elect to the House of Representatives may mail franked mail with a simplified form of address for delivery within that area constituting the congressional district from which he was elected. (3) A Delegate, Delegate-elect, Resident Commissioner, or Resident Commissioner-elect to the House of Representatives may mail franked mail with a simplified form of address for delivery within the area from which he was elected.

(4) Franked mail mailed with a simplified form of address under this subsection

(A) shall be prepared as directed by the Postal Service; and

(B) may be delivered to

(i) each box holder or family on a rural or star route;

(ii) each post office box holder; and

(iii) each stop or box on a city carrier route. (5) For the purposes of this subsection, a congressional district includes, in the case of a Representative at Large or Representative at Large-elect, the State from which he was elected:

(e) The frankability of mail matter shall be determined under the provisions of this section by the type and content of the mail sent, or to be sent. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the cost of preparing or printing mail matter which is frankable under this section may be paid from any funds,

including, but not limited to, funds collected by a candidate or a political committee required to file reports of receipts and expenditures under the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (Public Law 92225), or from voluntary newsletter funds, or from similar funds administered and controlled by a Member or by a committee organized to administer such funds.

(f) Notwithstanding any other provision of Federal, State, or local law, or any regulation thereunder, the equivalent amount of postage determined under section 3216 of this title on franked mail mailed under the frank of the Vice President or a Member of Congress, and the cost of preparing or printing such frankable matter for such mailing under the frank, shall not be considered as a contribution to, or an expenditure by, the Vice President or a Member of Congress for the purpose of determining any limitation on expenditures or contributions with respect to any such official, imposed by any Federal, State, or local law or regulation, in connection with any campaign of such official for election to any Federal office. (As amended Pub. L. 92-51, § 101, July 9, 1971, 85 Stat. 132; Pub. L. 93-191, § 1(a), Dec. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 737.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

For classification of Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (Public Law 92-225), referred to in subsec. (e) and principally classified to chapter 14 of Title 2, see Short Title note set out under section 431 of Title 2, The Congress.

AMENDMENTS

1973-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93-191 added subsec. (a). Former first sentence provided in part for franked mail (1) matter, not exceeding 4 pounds in weight, upon official or departmental business, to a Government official, and (2) correspondence, not exceeding 4 ounces in weight, upon official business to any person.

Subsec. (b) (1). Pub. L. 93-191 incorporated part of former first sentence in provisions designated as subsec. (b) (1), substituted reference to elected officers of the House of Representatives (other than a Member of the House) for former references to Clerk of the House of Representatives and the Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives, included reference to Legislative Counsel of the Senate, substituted the 1st day of April for the thirtieth day of June, and substituted internal reference to subsec. (a) (2) and (3) of this section for former provision respecting franked mail (1) matter, not exceeding 4 pounds in weight, upon official or departmental business, to a Government official, and (2) correspondence, not exceeding 4 ounces in weight, upon official business to any person.

Subsec. (b) (2). Pub. L. 93-191 incorporated former second sentence in provisions designated as subsec. (b) (2), substituted provision respecting vacancy in the Office of an elected officer of the House of Representatives (other than a Member of the House) for former provision respecting vacancy in the office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives and the Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives and included provision for vacancy in the Office of Legislative Counsel of the Senate.

Subsecs. (c) to (f). Pub. L. 93-191 added subsecs. (c) to (f).

1971-Pub. L. 92-51 authorized franked mail for Legislative Counsel of the House of Representatives and for exercise of the privilege during a vacancy in such office by any authorized person in the officer's name.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1973 AMENDMENT Section 14 of Pub. L. 93-191 provided that: "(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, the provisions of this Act [enacting section 3219 of this title and sections 501 and 502 of Title 2, amending sections 3206, 3210-3212, 3215, 3216(a), (c), (d), and 3218 of this title and sections 733 and 907 of Title 44, and

repealing section 277 of Title 2] shall become effective on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 1973]. "(b) The provisions of section 3214 of title 39, United States Code, as amended by section 4 of this Act [section 3214 of this title]; and the provisions of subsection (b) of section 3216 of title 39, United States Code, as amended by section 7 of this Act [section 3216(b) of this title], shall take effect as of December 27, 1972."

SEPARABILITY OF PROVISIONS

Section 15 of Pub. L. 93-191 provided that: "If a provision of this Act [enacting section 3219 of this title and sections 501 and 502 of Title 2, amending sections 3206, 3210-3212, 3214-3216, and 3218 of Title 39 and sections 733, 907 of Title 44, and repealing section 277 of Title 2] is held invalid, all valid provisions severable from the invalid provision remain in effect. If a provision of this Act is held invalid in one or more of its applications, such provision remains in effect in all valid applications severable from the invalid application or applications."

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 3216, 3219 of this title; title 44 section 907.

§ 3211. Public documents.

The Vice President, Members of Congress, the Secretary of the Senate, the Sergeant at Arms of the Senate, each of the elected officers of the House of Representatives (other than a Member of the House) until the first day of April following the expiration of their respective terms of office, may send and receive as franked mail all public documents printed by order of Congress. (As amended Pub. L. 93-191, § 2, Dec. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 741.)

AMENDMENTS

1973-Pub. L. 93-191 substituted "each of the elected officers of the House of Representatives (other than a Member of the House) until the first day of April" for "the Clerk of the House of Representatives, and the Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives, until the thirtieth day of June."

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1973 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 93-191 effective Dec. 18, 1973, see section 14 of Pub. L. 93-191, set out as a note under section 3210 of this title.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in title 2 sections 501, 502.

§ 3212. Congressional Record under frank of Members of Congress.

(a) Members of Congress may send the Congressional Record as franked mail.

(b) Members of Congress may send, as franked mail, any part of, or a reprint of any part of, the Congressional Record, including speeches or reports contained therein, if such matter is mailable as franked mail under section 3210 of this title. (As amended Pub. L. 93-191, § 3, Dec. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 741.)

AMENDMENTS

1973-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93-191 incorporated existing text in provisions designated as subsec. (a).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93-191 incorporated existing text in provisions designated as subsec. (b), authorized sending, as franked mail, reprints of parts of Congressional Record, and authorized the mailing of Congressional Record if the listed matter is mailable as franked mail under section 3210 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1973 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 93-191 effective Dec. 18, 1973, see section 14 of Pub. L. 93-191, set out as a note under section 3210 of this title.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in title 2 sections 501, 502.

§ 3213. Seeds and reports from Department of Agriculture.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in title 2 sections 501, 502.

§ 3214. Mailing privilege of former President; surviving spouse of former President.

A former President and the surviving spouse of a former President may send nonpolitical mail within the United States and its territories and possessions as franked mail. Such mail of a former President and of the surviving spouse of a former President marked "Postage and Fees Paid” in the manner prescribed by the Postal Service shall be accepted by the Postal Service for transmission in the international mails. (As amended Pub. L. 93-191, § 4(a), Dec. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 742.)

AMENDMENTS

1973-Pub. L. 93-191 limited the mailing privilege to nonpolitical mail, extended the privilege to surviving spouse of former President and provided for acceptance of such mail marked "Postage and Fees Paid" by the Postal Service for transmission in the international mails. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1973 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 93-191 effective Dec. 27, 1972, see section 14 of Pub. L. 93-191, set out as a note under section 3210 of this title.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 3216 of this title.

§ 3215. Lending or permitting use of frank unlawful.

A person entitled to use a frank may not lend it or permit its use by any committee, organization, or association, or permit its use by any person for the benefit or use of any committee, organization, or association. This section does not apply to any standing, select, special, or joint committee, or subcommittee thereof, or commission, of the Senate, House of Representatives, or Congress, composed of Members of Congress, or to the Democratic caucus or the Republican conference of the House of Representatives or of the Senate. (As amended Pub. L. 93-191, § 10, Dec. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 746.)

AMENDMENTS

1973-Pub. L. 93-191 substituted provision for nonapplication of section to "any standing, select, special, or joint committee, or subcommittee thereof, or commission, of the Senate, House of Representatives, or Congress, composed of Members of Congress, or to the Democratic caucus or the Republican conference of the House of Representatives or of the Senate" for such nonapplication to "any committee composed of Members of Congress".

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1973 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 93-191 effective Dec. 18, 1973, see section 14 of Pub. L. 93-191, set out as a note under section 3210 of this title.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 3212, 3219 of this title; title 2 sections 282d, 501, 502.

§ 3216. Reimbursement for franked mailings. (a) The equivalent of—

(1) postage on, and fees and charges in connection with, mail matter sent through the mails

(A) under the franking privilege (other than under section 3219 of this title), by the Vice President, Members of and Members-elect to Congress, the Secretary of the Senate, the Sergeant at Arms of the Senate, each of the

elected officers of the House of Representatives (other than a Member of the House), and the Legislative Counsels of the House of Representatives and the Senate; and

(B) by the surviving spouse of a Member of Congress under section 3218 of this title; and

(2) those portions of fees and charges to be paid for handling and delivery by the Postal Service of Mailgrams considered as franked mail under section 3219 of this title;

shall be paid by a lump-sum appropriation to the legislative branch for that purpose and then paid to the Postal Service as postal revenue. Except as to Mailgrams and except as provided by sections 733 and 907 of title 44, envelopes, wrappers, cards, or labels used to transmit franked mail shall bear, in the upper right-hand corner, the sender's signature, or a facsimile thereof, and the printed words "Postage paid by Congress".

(b) Postage on, and fees and charges in connection with, mail matter sent through the mails under section 3214 of this title shall be paid each fiscal year, out of any appropriation made for that purpose, to the Postal Service as postal revenue in an amount equivalent to the postage, fees, and charges which would otherwise be payable on, or in connection with, such mail matter.

(c) Payment under subsection (a) or (b) of this section shall be deemed payment for all matter mailed under the frank and for all fees and charges due the Postal Service in connection therewith.

(d) Money collected for matter improperly mailed under the franking privilege shall be deposited as miscellaneous receipts in the general fund of the Treasury. (As amended Pub. L. 92-51, § 101, July 9, 1971, 85 Stat. 132; Pub. L. 93-191, § 7, Dec. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 745.)

AMENDMENTS

1973-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93-191 incorporated existing text in provisions designated as par. 1 (A) and (B); substituted in subpar. (a) reference to elected officers of the House of Representatives (other than a Member of the House) for former references to the Clerk of the House of Representatives and the Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives; included in subpar. (A) reference to Legislative Counsel of the Senate; added subsec. (a) (2) and provision for the sender's signature, or facsimile thereof, and printed words "Postage paid by Congress" in upper right-hand corner on transmitted franked mail. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93-191 added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) provided that "The postage on mail matter sent through the mails under the franking privilege by former Presidents shall be paid by reimbursement of the postal revenues each fiscal year out of the general funds of the Treasury in an amount equivalent to the postage which would otherwise be payable on the mail matter."

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 93-191 added subsecs. (c) and (d).

1971-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 92-51 provided for reimbursement of Legislative Counsel of House of Representatives for franked mailings.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1973 AMENDMENT Amendment of subsec. (a) and enactment of subsecs. (c) and (d) by Pub. L. 93-191 effective Dec. 18, 1973, and amendment of subsec. (b) by Pub. L. 93-191 effective Dec. 27, 1972, see section 14 of Pub. L. 93-191, set out as a note under section 3210 of this title.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 3210, 3216 of this title.

§ 3218. Franked mail for surviving spouses of Members of Congress.

Upon the death of a Member of Congress during his term of office, the surviving spouse of such Member may send, for a period not to exceed 180 days after his death, as franked mail, nonpolitical correspondence relating to the death of the Member. (As amended Pub. L. 93-191, § 11, Dec. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 746.)

AMENDMENTS

1973-Pub. L. 93-191 inserted "nonpolitical" preceding "correspondence".

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1973 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 93-191 effective Dec. 18, 1973, see section 14 of Pub. L. 93-191, set out as a note under section 3210 of this title.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 3216 of this title; title 2 sections 501, 502.

§ 3219. Mailgrams.

Any Mailgram sent by the Vice President, a Member of or Member-elect to Congress, the Secretary of the Senate, the Sergeant at Arms of the Senate, an elected officer of the House of Representatives (other than a Member of the House), or the Legislative Counsel of the House of Representatives or the Senate, and then delivered by the Postal Service, shall be considered as franked mail, subject to section 3216(a) (2) of this title, if such Mailgram contains matter of the kind authorized to be sent by that official as franked mail under section 3210 of this title. (Added Pub. L. 93-191, § 12(a), Dec. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 746.)

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Dec. 18, 1973, see section 14 of Pub. L. 93-191, set out as a note under section 3210 of this title.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in section 3216 of this title.

Chapter 34.-ARMED FORCES AND FREE POSTAGE § 3401. Mailing privileges of members of Armed Forces of the United States and of friendly foreign nations.

(b) There shall be transported by air, between Armed Forces post offices which are located outside the 48 contiguous States of the United States or between any such Armed Forces post office and the point of embarkation or debarkation within the United States, the territories and possessions of the United States in the Pacific area, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, or the Canal Zone, on a space available basis, on scheduled United States air carriers at rates fixed and determined by the Civil Aeronautics Board in accordance with section 1376 of title 49, the following categories of mail matter:

(1) (A) letter mail or sound-recorded communications having the character of personal correspondence;

(B) parcels not exceeding 15 pounds in weight and 60 inches in length and girth combined; and (C) publications entitled to a periodical publication rate published once each week or more frequently and featuring principally current news of

20-347 0-74-vol. 2-26

interest to members of the Armed Forces and the general public,

which are mailed at or addressed to any such Armed Forces post office;

(2) parcels not exceeding 70 pounds in weight and 100 inches in length and girth combined, which are mailed at any such Armed Forces post office; and

(3) parcels exceeding 15 pounds but not exceeding 70 pounds in weight and not exceeding 100 inches in length and girth combined, including surface-type official mail, which are mailed at or addressed to any such Armed Forces post office where adequate surface transportation is not available.

Whenever adequate service by scheduled United States air carriers is not available to provide transportation of mail matter by air in accordance with this subsection, the transportation of such mail may be authorized by other than scheduled United States air carriers.

(c) Any parcel, other than a parcel mailed at a rate of postage requiring priority of handling and delivery, not exceeding 30 pounds in weight and 60 inches in length and girth combined, which is mailed at or addressed to any Armed Forces post office established under section 406(a) of this title, shall be transported by air on a space available basis on scheduled United States air carriers at rates fixed and determined by the Civil Aeronautics Board in accordance with section 1376 of title 49, upon payment of a fee for such air transportation in addition to the rate of postage otherwise applicable to such a parcel not transported by air. If adequate service by scheduled United States air carriers is not available, any such parcel may be transported by air carriers other than scheduled United States air carriers.

(d) The Department of Defense shall transfer to the Postal Service as postal revenues, out of any appropriations or funds available to the Department of Defense, as a necessary expense of the appropriations or funds and of the activities concerned, the equivalent amount of postage due, as determined by the Postal Service, for matter sent in the mails under authority of subsection (a) in this section.

(e) The Department of Defense shall transfer to the Postal Service as Postal revenues, out of any appropriations or funds available to the Department of Defense, as a necessary expense of the appropriations or funds and of the activities concerned, sums equal to the expenses incurred by the Postal Service, as determined by the Postal Service, in providing air transportation for mail mailed at or addressed

to Armed Forces post offices established under section 406 of this title, but reimbursement under this subsection shall not include the expense of air transportation (1) for which the Postal Service collects a special charge to the extent the special charge covers the additional expense of air transportation or (2) that is provided by the Postal Service at the same postage rate or charge for mail which is neither mailed at nor addressed to an Armed Forces post office.

(f) This section shall be administered under such conditions, and under such regulations, as the Postal Service and the Secretary of Defense jointly may prescribe. (As amended Pub. L. 92-469, §§ 1, 2, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 782, 783.)

AMENDMENTS

1972 Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 92-469, § 1, substituted "15" for "5" pounds in cl. (B), redesignated former subsec. (b) (2) as (b) (1) (C), and deleted therefrom former cls. reading "(A) in an overseas area designated by the President under subsection (a) of this section, or (B) in an isolated, hardship, or combat support area overseas, or where adequate surface transportation is not available". Subsec. (b) (2). Pub. L. 92-469, § 1, added subsec. (b) (2). Former subsec. (b) (2) redesignated subsec. (b) (1) (C). Subsec. (b) (3). Pub. L. 92–469, § 1, substituted "15" for "5" pounds.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 92-469, § 2(2), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d).

Subsecs. (d)-(f). Pub. L. 92-469, § 2(1), redesignated former subsecs. (c)-(e) as (d)-(f).

Chapter 36.-POSTAL RATES, CLASSES, AND SERVICES

§ 3685. Filing of information relating to periodical publications.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in title 22 section 611.

PART V.-TRANSPORTATION OF MAIL

Chapter 50.-GENERAL

§ 5005. Mail transportation

(b) (1)

(2) A contract under subsection (a) (4) of this section may be renewed at the existing rate by mutual agreement between the contractor or subcontractor and the Postal Service.

(As amended Pub. L. 92-286, May 1, 1972, 86 Stat. 133.)

AMENDMENTS

1972-Subsec. (b) (2). Pub. L. 92-286 substituted "contractor or subcontractor" for "holder".

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