this information from the resident owner, manager, or janitor if the unit was in a structure containing five housing units or more. Rooms (H8).-The number of rooms in the unit is the count of whole rooms used for living purposes, such as living rooms, dining rooms, bedrooms, kitchens, finished attic or basement rooms, recreation rooms, lodgers' rooms, and rooms used for offices by a person living in the unit. Not considered as rooms are bathrooms; halls, foyers, or vestibules; closets; alcoves; pantries; strip or pullman kitchens; laundry or furnace rooms; unfinished attics, basements, and other space used for storage; porches, unless they are permanently enclosed and suitable for year-round

use; and offices used only by persons not living in the unit. A partially divided room, such as a dinette next to a kitchen or living room, is considered a separate room if there is a partition from floor to ceiling. Rooms equipped with movable partitions from floor to ceiling are separate rooms. If a room is shared by occupants of more than one unit, it is included with the unit from which it is most easily reached.

The median number of rooms is the theoretical value which divides the distribution of units into two equal parts-one-half the units having more rooms and one-half having fewer rooms than the median. In the computation of the median, a continuous distribution was assumed, with the whole number of rooms as the midpoint of the class interval. For example, when the median was in the 5-room group, the lower and upper limits were assumed to be 4.5 and 5.5 rooms, respectively. A plus (+) sign after a median indicates that the median falls in the terminal category; for example, "7.5+" indicates that the median falls in the category "8 rooms or more" and was not computed. Because the terminal category for some of the tabulations was higher than "8 rooms or more," a median above 7.5 is not necessarily higher than a median of "7.5+" rooms. In table 25 of the State chapters, the median for all units was computed from the 100-percent count of units, whereas the medians for owner- and renteroccupied units were computed for a sample of units. The sample rate for medians in other tables is given in table I.

Average number of rooms (arithmetic mean) is provided for places of 1,000 to 2,500 inhabitants in the State chapters. It was computed by dividing the sum of the rooms for each tenure group by the number of owner- or renter-occupied units, respectively. The tabulation form contained a terminal category of "10 or more" rooms. For purposes of the computation, the terminal category was given a mean value of 11.

The 1960 data on number of rooms are considered directly comparable with 1950 and 1940 data, since essentially the same definitions were used in all three censuses. In certain areas, comparability between 1950 and 1960 may be affected to some small extent by the change in concept from dwelling unit to housing unit.

Bedrooms (H19).-The number of bedrooms in the unit is the count of rooms used mainly as bedrooms. In addition to regular bedrooms, the count includes studies, dens, enclosed porches, finished attics, guest rooms, or other extra rooms if they are currently used principally and regularly for sleeping. Rooms used only occasionally for sleeping, such as a living room with a hideaway bed, were not to be counted as bedrooms. A housing unit consisting of only one room, such as a 1-room efficiency apartment, was to be reported as having no bedroom.

Information on the number of bedrooms was not collected in the 1950 or 1940 Censuses.

Year structure built (H20).-"Year built" refers to the date the original construction of the structure was completed, not to any later remodeling, addition, or conversion. For trailers, the model year was assumed to be the year built.

The figures on the number of units built during a given period relate to the number of units in existence at the time of enumeration. The figures reflect the number of units constructed during a given period plus the number created by conversions in structures originally built during that period, minus the number lost in structures built during the period. Losses occur through demolition, fire, flood, disaster; change to nonresidential use; or merger to fewer housing units.

Data on year built are more susceptible to errors of response and nonreporting than data on many of the other items. In most cases, the information was given according to memory or estimates of the occupants of the structure or of other persons who had lived

Statistics in this volume on the number of new units, according to the data on year built, may differ from figures on new construction collected in the Components of Inventory Change program which employed specialized procedures for collecting the data. (Statistics on new construction units for selected SMSA's, the four regions, and the United States are published in 1960 Census of Housing, Volume IV, Components of Inventory Change, Parts 1A and 1B.)

Data on year built were collected in the 1950 and the 1940 Censuses of Housing also. While the definitions were the same in the three censuses, comparability of the data may be affected by relatively large reporting errors.

Units in structure (H29).-In determining the number of units in the structure, the enumerator was instructed to count both occupied and vacant housing units, but not business units or group quarters. A structure is defined as a separate building that either has open space on all four sides, or is separated from other structures by dividing walls that extend from ground to roof. Structures containing only one housing unit were further classified as detached or attached. Trailers are tabulated as units in 1-unit detached structures when not shown as a separate category in a table.

A 1-unit detached structure has open space on all four sides and contains only one housing unit. Such a structure is considered detached even though it has an adjoining shed or private garage or contains a business unit. A 1-unit attached structure contains only one housing unit and has one or more walls extending from ground to roof separating it from adjoining structures. For row houses, double houses, or houses attached to nonresidential structures, each house is a separate attached structure if the dividing or common wall goes from ground to roof.

Statistics are presented in terms of number of housing units rather than number of residential structures. The number of structures for some of the categories, however, is apparent. For housing units in 1-unit structures, the number of housing units and the number of structures are the same. The number of housing units in 2-unit structures is twice the number of structures. For the remaining categories, the number of structures cannot be ascertained from the data as tabulated.

Some of the categories for number of housing units in structure in 1960 are not directly comparable with those in 1950-in particular the categories for 1- and 2-unit structures. In 1950, units in detached or attached structures were shown separately, but those in semidetached structures containing 1 or 2 units were combined into one category. ("Semidetached" structures of 1950 are defined as "attached" in 1960.) Comparability between 1950 and 1960 data may also be affected by the change in concept from dwelling unit to housing unit.

In the 1940 Census, data were provided on number of residential structures as well as number of units in a structure. The 1940 definitions were basically the same as in 1960 with a few exceptions. Principally, each unit classified as "2-family side-byside" in 1940 would be classified as "1-unit attached" according to the 1960 definition; and units in structures containing a business and having one to four units constituted a separate category in 1940.

Statistics on the count of structures and number of persons per structure are available from the Censuses of Population from 1890 to 1930. In those censuses, data were shown in terms of "dwellings," the concept of "dwelling" being roughly comparable with the current concept of "structure." Statistics on the number of occupied units per structure (families per dwelling) also were included in some of the censuses.

Trailer (H3, H37).-Trailers are included in the housing inventory if they are occupied as living quarters; vacant trailers and trailers used only for business or vacation purposes were not

trailer, however, it is classified as "house, apartment, flat." A trailer is "mobile" if it rests on wheels or on a temporary foundation, such as blocks or posts. A trailer is "on a permanent foundation" if it is mounted on a regular foundation of brick, stone, concrete, etc. Characteristics of occupied trailers are included in all the tabulations except those on value. Trailers are shown as a separate category, for some areas, in the tabulations on number of units in structure.

In 1950, only occupied trailers on wheels or on temporary foundations were identified. A trailer on a permanent foundation or with a room added was classified as "house, apartment, flat." In 1940, occupied trailers were combined with tents, boats, railroad cars, and shacks in the published data.

Basement (H33).—Statistics on basements are presented in terms of the number of housing units located in structures built with a basement, on a concrete slab, or in another way. "Basement" is defined as enclosed space beneath all or part of a structure, accessible to the occupants and of sufficient depth so that an adult can walk upright. Units built on a "concrete slab" have no basement and no crawl space or air space below the first floor. The category "other" includes units in structures resting on posts, those built directly on the ground, and those having only crawl space under the building to provide ventilation or accessibility for service or repairs.

No question about basements was asked in censuses prior to 1960.

Elevator in structure (H34).-Statistics on elevator in structure are presented in terms of the number of housing units located in structures with four stories or more, not counting the basement. Units are classified "with elevator" if they are located in a building with an elevator which passengers may use. Units are in a "walkup" structure if the structure has no passenger elevator or if the only elevator service is for freight. Data on elevators are published only for large places, that is, places which had a population of 50,000 or more in 1950 or in an interim census prior to 1960 and also had a population of 50,000 or more in 1960. Data for all such places in the United States are given in the United States Summary chapter. No data on elevator in structure are given in the State chapters. Data on elevator in structure were not collected in earlier censuses.

CONDITION AND PLUMBING FACILITIES

The

The questions on condition and plumbing are shown below. Water supply, toilet facilities, and bathing facilities appeared as self-enumeration items on the Advance Census Report and the remaining three self-enumeration items appeared on the Household Questionnaire, which was used in two-stage areas. direct-interview questions appeared on a FOSDIC schedule. Condition of the unit, however, was determined by the enumerator on the basis of his observation; the respondent was not to be questioned about the condition of his living quarters.

Condition and plumbing combined.-Both the condition of a housing unit and the type of plumbing facilities are considered measures of the quality of housing. Categories representing various levels of housing quality have been established by presenting the items in combination.

To measure condition, the enumerator classified each housing unit in one of three categories: Sound, deteriorating, or dilapidated. The plumbing facilities that are combined with condition are: Water supply, toilet facilities, and bathing facilities.

The category "with all plumbing facilities" consists of units which have piped hot and cold water inside the structure, and flush toilet and bathtub (or shower) inside the structure for

Direct interview

H31. What is the source of water? Public system (or private company)..

Individual well.. Other.........

H32. Is the house connected to a public sewer?

Public sewer...
Septic tank or cesspool..
Other...

Units "lacking only hot water" have all the facilities except piped hot water. Units "lacking other plumbing facilities” may (or may not) have hot water but lack one or more of the other specified facilities. Also included in this category are units having no piped water inside the structure and units whose occupants share toilet or bathing facilities with the occupants of another housing unit. The combination of "lacking only hot water" and "lacking other plumbing facilities" is presented as “lacking some or all facilities" in some of the distributions. In the distribution of plumbing facilities for vacant available

Introduction

Data for dilapidated vacant units are not shown separately, but are included in the distribution for "all units."

Condition was presented in combination with plumbing facilities in the 1950 reports also. If the respective categories under "sound" and "deteriorating" are combined, the 1960 category "with all plumbing facilities" compares with the 1950 "not dilapidated, with private toilet and bath, and hot running water"; the 1960 "lacking only hot water" compares with the 1950 "not dilapidated, with private toilet and bath, and only cold water"; and the 1960 "lacking other plumbing facilities" compares with the 1950 combination of "not dilapidated, with running water, lacking private toilet or bath" and "not dilapidated, no running water."

Condition (H6).—The enumerator determined the condition of the housing unit by observation, on the basis of specified criteria related to the extent or degree of visible defects. The types of defects the enumerator was to look for are associated with weather tightness, extent of disrepair, hazards to the physical safety of the occupants, and inadequate or makeshift construction. These are signs of other structural defects which may be hidden. Defects which would be revealed only by a more careful inspection than is possible during a census, such as the presence of dampness or infestation, inadequate wiring, and rotted beams, are not included in the criteria for determining the condition of a unit.

Sound housing is defined as that which has no defects, or only slight defects which normally are corrected during the course of regular maintenance. Examples of slight defects are: Lack of paint; slight damage to porch or steps; slight wearing away of mortar between bricks or other masonry; small cracks in walls, plaster or chimney; cracked windows; slight wear on floors, doorsills, doorframes, window sills, or window frames; and broken gutters or downspouts.

Deteriorating housing needs more repair than would be provided in the course of regular maintenance. Such housing has one or more defects of an intermediate nature that must be corrected if the unit is to continue to provide safe and adequate shelter. Examples of intermediate defects are: Holes, open cracks, rotted, loose, or missing material over a small area of the foundation, walls, roof, floors, or ceilings; shaky or unsafe porch, steps, or railings; several broken or missing windowpanes; some rotted or loose window frames or sashes that are no longer rainproof or windproof; broken or loose stair treads, or broken, loose, or missing risers, balusters, or railings of inside or outside stairs; deep wear on doorsills, doorframes, outside or inside steps or floors; missing bricks or cracks in the chimney which are not serious enough to be a fire hazard; and makeshift chimney such as a stovepipe or other uninsulated pipe leading directly from the stove to the outside through a hole in the roof, wall, or window. Such defects are signs of neglect which lead to serious structural deterioration or damage if not corrected.

Dilapidated housing does not provide safe and adequate shelter and in its present condition endangers the health, safety, or well-being of the occupants. Such housing has one or more critical defects; or has a combination of intermediate defects in sufficient number or extent to require considerable repair or rebuilding; or is of inadequate original construction. The defects are either so critical or so widespread that the structure should be extensively repaired, rebuilt, or torn down.

Critical defects result from continued neglect or lack of repair, or indicate serious damage to the structure. Examples of critical defects are: Holes, open cracks, or rotted, loose, or missing material (clapboard siding, shingles, bricks, concrete, tile, plaster, or floorboards) over a large area of the foundation, outside walls, roof, chimney, or inside walls, floors, or ceilings; substantial sagging of floors, walls, or roof; and extensive damage by storm, fire, or flood.

To be classified as dilapidated on the basis of intermediate defects, a housing unit must have such defects in sufficient number or extent that it no longer provides safe and adequate shelter. No set number of intermediate defects is required.

Inadequate original construction includes: Shacks, huts, or tents; structures with makeshift walls or roofs, or built of packing boxes, scrap lumber, or tin; structures lacking foundations (walls rest directly on the ground); structures with dirt floors; and cellars, sheds, barns, garages, or other places not originally intended

The enumerator was instructed to judge each unit on the basis of its own characteristics, regardless of the neighborhood, age of the structure, or the race or color of the occupants. He was cautioned, for example, that although lack of paint is only a slight defect, this and other signs of neglect are warnings to look closely for more serious defects. Also, exterior covering may improve the appearance of a structure but not its condition, and the sturdiness of brick or other masonry walls can be misleading if there are defects in other parts of the structure.

In judging condition, the enumerator was instructed to determine whether the unit was dilapidated or not dilapidated. If the unit was "not dilapidated," then he was to classify it as "sound" or "deteriorating." The use of this technique in 1960 was designed to maintain comparability with the 1950 enumeration of condition when only the two categories, not dilapidated and dilapidated, were reported. The change to the three-way classification of condition in 1960 reflects the growing interest in housing quality and its importance in slum clearance and urban renewal programs.

The new classification and improved training techniques, designed to yield more adequate measures of potential urban blight, were developed by a group of experts working with the census staff. Field studies were conducted to explore the feasibility of the three-way classification and to test various types of training instructions that would define and convey to enumerators the concepts of the three levels of condition. While the 1950 concept and definition of the category "dilapidated" were retained without change for 1960, additional study was required to develop the concepts and terminology for the two other categories.

The enumerator was provided with detailed written instructions and with photographs illustrating the levels of condition. In addition, audio-visual techniques were used in training the enumerator. A filmstrip of photographs in color depicted various types of defects and a recorded narrative explained how to determine the classification of condition on the basis of these defects. Photographs and instructions from the Enumerator's Reference Manuals are reproduced in the appendix to the United States Summary chapter of Volume I.

Although detailed oral and written instructions and visual aids were provided, it was not possible to achieve uniform results in applying the criteria for determining the condition of a unit. Data on condition for small areas, which depend on the work of only a few enumerators, may have a wider margin of relative error than data for larger areas, which are based on the work of a number of enumerators.

The 1960 and 1950 definitions of "dilapidated" are considered comparable, since the basic 1950 concept of dilapidation was retained in 1960. The 1960 concepts of "sound" and "deteriorating" combined are comparable with the 1950 concept "not dilapidated." It is possible, however, that the change in categories introduced an element of difference between the 1960 and 1950 statistics.

The concept of "dilapidation" replaced the concept of "needing major repairs" which was used in the 1940 Census. Because the two terms differ significantly, the 1940 results are not comparable with the 1950 or 1960 results on condition.

Water supply (H9).—A housing unit is classified in the tables as having "piped water inside structure" if there is running water inside the structure and it is available to the occupants of the unit. A unit has piped hot water even though the hot water is not supplied continuously; for example, it may be supplied only at certain times of the day, week, or year. Units with "piped water outside structure" have no running water inside the structure but have running water available on the same property, either outdoors or in another structure. In the category "no piped water" are units for which the only source of water is a hand pump, open well, spring, cistern, etc., and units in which the occupants obtain water from a source which is not on the same property.

The 1950 Census data on water supply are comparable with the 1960 data. The 1940 Census data, however, were presented on the basis of the availability of piped water inside or outside the unit rather than inside or outside the structure. The 1960 count of units with piped water inside the structure may be considered roughly comparable with the 1940 count of units with running water in the unit, except where there is an appreciable number of units with running water inside the structure but outside the unit.

Toilet facilities (H10).-A housing unit has a flush toilet

clusive use are differentiated from those that are shared with occupants of other units. Units with other toilet facilities, such as privy, chemical toilet, or outside flush toilet, and units with no toilet facilities are included in the category "other toilet facilities or none" (reported "none" or "no flush toilet for the use of this household" on the enumeration forms).

Data comparable with the 1960 data were provided by both the 1950 and 1940 Censuses.

Bathing facilities (H11).—A housing unit has a bathtub or shower if either facility, supplied with piped water (not necessarily hot water), is inside the structure and available for the use of the occupants of the unit. Bathing facilities for exclusive use are differentiated from those that are shared with occupants of other units. The category "no bathtub or shower" (reported "none" or "no bathtub or shower for the use of this household" on the enumeration forms) consists of units with only portable facilities, as well as units having no bathing facilities inside the structure and available for the use of the occupants.

Data comparable with the 1960 data were provided by both the 1950 and 1940 Censuses.

Exclusive or shared use.-Facilities are "for exclusive use" if they are used only by the occupants of the one housing unit, including lodgers or other unrelated persons living in the housing unit.

Facilities are "shared" if they are used by occupants of two or more housing units, or if they would be shared with the occupants of a unit now vacant. Shared facilities may be inside one of the units in the structure or may be centrally located where they can be reached by occupants of all units that share them.

Inside or outside structure.-Facilities are located "inside the structure" if they are located inside the same structure as the housing unit. They may be located within the housing unit itself, or they may be located in a hallway or in a room used by occupants of several units. It may even be necessary to go outdoors to reach that part of the structure in which the facilities are located. Facilities located in the basement or on an enclosed porch, or enclosed by partitions on an otherwise open porch, are "inside the structure." Facilities on an open porch (for example, piped water) are "outside the structure."

Bathroom (H30).-A housing unit has a complete bathroom if it has a flush toilet and bathtub (or shower) for the exclusive use of the occupants of the unit and also has piped hot water. (The requirement that the unit must have hot water was imposed during the processing of the data in an edit combining the items on bathroom and water supply.) The facilities must be located inside the structure but need not be in the same room. A partial bathroom consists of toilet or bathing facilities for exclusive use, but not both. Units with a partial bathroom in addition to a complete bathroom are published in the category "1 plus partial" in some tables and "more than 1" in other tables. Units with only a partial bathroom are included in the published category "shared or none" together with units which share or lack bathroom facilities.

No data on number of bathrooms were provided in the 1950 or 1940 Censuses; however, data were presented on the number of units with both private flush toilet and bathtub (or shower).

Source of water (H31).-Data on source of water are published only in the State chapters. The source of water was to be reported in one of three categories. "Public system or private company" refers to a common source supplying running water to more than five houses. The source may be a city or county water department, a water district, a private water company, or a cooperative or partnership group. "Individual well" describes a source which serves five or fewer houses from a well on the property of the unit being enumerated or on a neighboring property. The water from such a well may be hand drawn, wind drawn, or power drawn. It may be piped or not piped; it may be stored in tanks or used directly from the well. (Because the criterion of "five or fewer" houses did not appear on the self-enumeration form, it is possible that some units were reported in the category "individual well" although the well serves more than five houses.) "Other" describes water coming directly from springs, creeks,

Information on source of water was not collected in the larger urban places, that is, places which had a population of 50,000 or more in 1950 or in an interim census prior to 1960. Hence, the county data on source of water in table 35 of the State chapters do not cover units in such places.

No data on source of water were collected in previous censuses. Sewage disposal (H32).--Data on sewage disposal are published only in the State chapters. This item refers to the sewage disposal system for the structure in which the unit is located. The category "public sewer" applies to units connected to a city, county, sanitary district, neighborhood, or subdivision sewer system. A "septic tank or cesspool" is an underground tank or pit for sewage disposal. Small sewage treatment plants which in some localities are called neighborhood septic tanks are classified as public sewers. Units for which sewage is disposed of in some other way are included in the category shown in the tables as "other or none."

Information on sewage disposal was not collected in the larger urban places, that is, places which had a population of 50,000 or more in 1950 or in an interim census prior to 1960. Hence, the county data on sewage disposal in table 35 of the State chapters do not cover units in such places.

No data on sewage disposal were collected in previous censuses.

EQUIPMENT AND FUELS

Data on equipment and fuels were derived from answers to the questions listed below. The self-enumeration questions appeared on the Household Questionnaire, which was used in twostage areas. The direct-interview questions appeared on a FOSDIC schedule. Although the questions appeared on the selfenumeration form, the enumerator was instructed to obtain information on heating equipment, house heating fuel, and water heating fuel from the resident owner, manager, or janitor if the unit being enumerated was in a structure containing five housing units or more.

Equipment. Data on equipment are provided for occupied housing units only, except for heating equipment which was to be reported for all housing units. The statistics are in terms of the number of housing units with the particular equipment or having the equipment available, as the case may be.

Heating equipment (H21).-"Steam or hot water" refers to a central heating system in which heat from steam or hot water is delivered through radiators or other outlets. "Warm air furnace" refers to a central system which provides warm air through ducts leading to the various rooms.

"Floor, wall, or pipeless furnace" includes permanently installed heating units which deliver warm air to the room directly above the furnace or to the room (or rooms) on one or both sides of the wall in which the furnace is installed. These devices do not have ducts leading to other rooms.

"Built-in electric units" are heating units which are permanently installed in floors, walls, or ceilings. Heat pumps are included in this category. In some tables in the State chapters, housing units having a "floor, wall, or pipeless furnace" and those having "built-in electric units" are combined into the one category "built-in room units."

"Other means with flue" (shown on the self-enumeration form as "room heater connected to chimney or flue") describes stoves, radiant gas heaters, fireplaces, and other equipment connected to a chimney or flue which carries off the smoke or fumes. "Other means without flue" (shown on the self-enumeration form as "room heater not connected to chimney or flue") describes electric heaters, electric steam radiators, kerosene heaters, radiant gas heaters, and other portable or plug-in devices not connected to a chimney or flue.

The main type of heating equipment was to be reported even if it was temporarily out of order at the time of enumeration. If two types of heating equipment were used to about the same extent, the type appearing first in the sequence above was to be reported. For vacant units from which the heating equipment

Similar data on heating equipment were collected in the 1950 Census, except that the 1950 data were restricted to occupied units (1960 data are for all units). Furthermore, the 1960 categories "warm air furnace" and "floor, wall, or pipeless furnace" must be combined to be comparable with the single 1950 category "warm air furnace"; and the 1960 categories "built-in electric units" and "other means without flue" must be combined to be comparable with the single 1950 category "other means without flue."

Data on heating equipment were collected for occupied units in the 1940 Census also. The categories are comparable with 1960 categories when certain combinations are made.

Clothes washing machine (H23).-"Wringer or spinner" describes a power-operated machine which requires handling of the laundry between washing and rinsing. "Automatic or semiautomatic" describes a machine that washes, rinses, and damp dries but does not fully dry the laundry in the same tub. A "washerdryer combination" is a machine which washes and fully dries the laundry in the same tub.

A clothes washing machine owned by a member of the household was to be reported, whether it was located in the housing unit or elsewhere on the property. Machines used but not owned by members of the household, such as those provided by the management of an apartment building, were not to be reported.

The 1960 Census is the first census to provide information on clothes washing machines.

Clothes dryer (H24).—A clothes dryer is defined as a separate mechanical appliance in which clothes are dried by heated air. Two types are identified-those which operate exclusively with electricity and those which use gas heat for drying. Units with a "washer-dryer combination" are classified as units having no clothes dryer since the dryer is not a separate appliance.

Yes..

No..

0 000 ооо

Direct interview H23. Is there a clothes washing machine in this unit?

Wringer or spinner..

Automatic or semiautomatic....... Washer-dryer combination..... No washing machine........ H24. Is there a clothes dryer in this unit?

Electric.. Gas.....

No clothes dryer....

H28. Is there a home food freezer

separate from the refrigerator in this unit?

Yes.