ARTICLE XIII.*

SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Dred Scott r. Sanford, 19 How., 393; White r. Hart, 13 Wall., 646; Osborn . Nicholson, 13 Wall., 654; Slaughter-house Cases, 16 Wall., 36; Ex parte Virginia, 100 U. S., 339; Civil Rights Case, 109 U. S., 3; Plessy . Ferguson, 163 U. S., 537; Robertson r. Baldwin, 165 U. S., 275.

ARTICLE XIV.†

SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor

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*The thirteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-eighth Congress, on the 1st of February, 1865, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 18th of December, 1865, to have been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-seven of the thirty-six States, viz: Illinois, Rhode Island, Michigan, Maryland, New York, West Virginia, Maine, Kansas, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Missouri, Nevada, Indiana, Louisiana, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Vermont, Tennessee, Arkansas, Connecticut, New Hampshire, South Carolina, Alabama, North Carolina, and Georgia.

†The fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-ninth Congress, on the 16th of June, 1866. On the 21st of July, 1868, Congress adopted and transmitted to the Department of State a concurrent resolution declaring that "the legislatures of the States of Connecticut, Tennessee, New Jersey, Oregon, Vermont, New York, Ohio, Illinois, West Virginia, Kansas, Maine, Nevada, Missouri, Indiana, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Iowa, Arkansas, Florida, North Carolina, Alabama, South Carolina, and Louisiana, being three-fourths and more of the several States of the Union, have ratified the fourteenth

shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.*

Crandall v. The State of Nevada, 6 Wall., 35; Paul v. Virginia, 8 Wall., 168; Ward . Maryland, 12 Wall., 418; Slaughter-house Cases, 16 Wall., 36; Bradwell . The State, 16 Wall., 130; Bartemeyer. Iowa, 18 Wall., 129; Minor v. Happersett, 21 Wall., 162; Walker . Sauvinet, 92 U. S., 90; Kennard . Louisiana, ex rel. Morgan, 92 U. S., 480; United States . Cruikshank, 92 Ú. S. 542; Munn . Illinois, 94 U. S., 113; McMillen . Anderson, 95 U. S., 37; Pennoyer. Neff, 95 U. S., 714; Pearson . Yewdall, 95 U. S. 294; Kirtland . Hotchkiss, 100 U. S., 491; Railroad Co. v. Richmond, 96 U. S., 521; Davidson . New Orleans, 96 U. S., 97; Strauder . article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States, duly proposed by two-thirds of each House of the Thirty-ninth Congress: Therefore Resolved, That said fourteenth article is hereby declared to be a part of the Constitution of the United States, and it shall be duly promulgated as such by the Secretary of State." The Secretary of State accordingly issued a proclamation, dated the 28th of July, 1868, declaring that the proposed fourteenth amendment had been ratified, in the manner hereafter mentioned, by the legislatures of thirty-six States, viz: Connecticut, June 30, 1866; New Hampshire, July 7, 1866; Tennessee, July 19, 1866; New Jersey, September 11, 1866, (and the legislature of the same State passed a resolution in April, 1868, to withdraw its consent to it;) Oregon, September 19, 1866; Vermont, November 9, 1866; Georgia rejected it November 13, 1866, and ratified it July 21, 1868; North Carolina rejected it December 4, 1866, and ratified it July 4, 1868; South Carolina rejected it December 20, 1866, and ratified it July 9, 1868; New York ratified it January 10, 1867; Ohio ratified it January 11, 1867, (and the legislature of the same State passed a resolution in January, 1868, to withdraw its consent to it;) Illinois ratified it January 15, 1867; West Virginia, January 16, 1867; Kansas, January 18, 1867; Maine, January 19, 1867; Nevada, January 22, 1867; Missouri, January 26, 1867; Indiana, January 29, 1867; Minnesota, February 1, 1867; Rhode Island, February 7, 1867; Wisconsin, February 13, 1867; Pennsylvania, February 13, 1867; Michigan, February 15, 1867; Massachusetts, March 20, 1867; Nebraska, June 15, 1867; Iowa, April 3, 1868; Arkansas, April 6, 1868; Florida, June 9, 1868; Louisiana, July 9, 1868; and Alabama, July 13, 1868. Georgia again ratified the amendment February 2, 1870. Texas rejected it November 1, 1866, and ratified February 18, 1870. Virginia rejected it January 19, 1867, and ratified October 8, 1869. The amendment was rejected by Kentucky January 10, 1867; by Delaware February 8, 1867; by Maryland March 23, 1867, and was not afterward ratified by either State.

West Virginia, 100 U. S., 303; Virginia . Rivers, 100 U. S. 313; Ex parte Virginia, 100 U. S., 339; Missouri . Lewis, 101 U. S., 22; Neal . Delaware, 103 U. S., 370; Fox v. Cincinnati, 104 U. S., 783; Kelly . Pittsburgh, 104 U. S., 78; Pace v. Alabama, 106 U. S., 583; Goss r. United States Mortgage Co., 108 U. S. 477;_ Civil Rights Cases, 109 U. S., 3; Louisiana . New Orleans, 109 U. S., 285; Hurtado r. California, 110 U. S., 516; Hagar v. Reclamation Dist., 111 U. S., 701; Elk r. Wilkins, 112 U. S., 94; Foster . Kansas, 112 U. S., 201; Head v. Amoskeag Man'f. Co., 113 U. S., 9; Barbier e. Connolly, 113 U. S., 27; Provident Institution for Savings r. Mayor and Aldermen of Jersey City, 113 U. S., 506; Soon Hing. Crowley, 113 U. S., 703; Ex parte Reggel, 114 U. S., 642; Wurts et al. v. Hoagland et als., 114 U. S., 606; Kentucky Railroad Tax Cases, 115 U. S., 321; Missouri Pacific R. R. Co. v. Humes, 115 U. S., 512; Campbell et al. v. Holt, 115 U. S., 620; Presser v. Illinois, 116 U. S., 252; Railroad Commission Cases, 116 U. S., 307, 347, 352; Royalle. Virginia, 116 U. S., 572; Arrowsmith V. Harmoning, 118 U. S., 194; Yick Wo . Hopkins, 118 U. S., 356; Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific R. R., 118 U. S., 394; Philadelphia Fire Association v. New York, 119 U. S., 110; Home Insurance Co. v. New York, 119 U. S., 129; Schmidt . Cobb, 119 U. S., 286; Kerr v. Illinois, 119 U. S., 436; Hayes v. Missouri, 120 U. S., 68; Baldwin . Franks, 120 U. S., 678; Church . Kelsey, 121 U. S., 282; Spiers . Illinois, 123 U. S., 131; Sands v. Manistee River Improvement Co., 123 U. S., 288; Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S., 623; Pembina Mining Co. v. Pennsylvania, 125 U. S., 181; Spencer . Merchant, 125 U. S., 345; Dow. Beidelman, 125 U. S., 680; Bank of Redemption v. Boston, 125 U. S., 60; California . Pacific Railroad Co., 127 U. S., 1; Ro Bardo r. Lamb., 127 U. S., 58; Missouri Pacific Railway Co. v. Mackey, 127 U. S., 205; Powell v. Pennsylvania, 127 U. S., 678; Mahon r. Justice, 127 U. S., 700; Kidd v. Pearson, 128 U. S., 1; Nashville, Chattanooga, etc., Railway . Alabama, 128 U. S., 96; Walston e. Nevin, 128 U. S., 578; Minneapolis & St. Louis Railway v. Beckwith, 129 U. S., 26; Dent v. West Virginia, 129 U.S., 114; Huling . Kaw Valley Railway & Improvement Co., 130 U. S., 559; Freeland v. Williams, 131 U. S., 405; Cross v. North Carolina, 132 U. S., 131; Pennie. Reis, 132 U. S., 464; Sugg 7. Thornton, 132 U. S., 524; Manning v. French, 133 U. S., 186; Davis r. Beason, 133 U. S., 333; Palmer v. McMahon, 133 U. S., 660; Eilenbecker v. Plymouth County, 134 U. S., 31; Bell Gap R. R. Co. . Pennsylvania, 134 U. S., 232; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co. v. Minnesota, 134 U. S., 418; Minneapolis Eastern Railroad Co. v. Minnesota, 134 U. S., 467; Home Insurance Co. v. New York, 134 U. S., 594; Louisville & Nashville R. R. Co. v. Woodson, 134 U. S., 614; Cherokee Nation v. Southern Kansas R. R., 135 U. S., 641; In re Kemmler, 136 U. S., 436; York v. Texas, 137 U. S., 15; Crowley v. Christensen, 137 U. S., 86; Wheeler v. Jackson, 137 U. S., 245; Holden . Minnesota, 137 U. S., 483; In re Converse, 137 U. S., 624; Caldwell v. Texas, 137 U. S., 692; Kauffman v. Wooters, 138 U. S., 285; Leeper v. Texas, 139 U. S., 462; In re Manning, 139 Ú. S., 504; Natal v. Louisiana, 139 U. S., 621; Lent v. Tillson, 140 U. S., 316; In re Rahrer, 140 U. S., 545; New Orleans v. New Orleans Water Works Co., 142 U. S., 79; McElvaine r. Brush, 142 U. S., 155; Kaukauna Water Power Co. v. Green Bay & Mississippi

.

Canal Co., 142 U. S., 254; Charlotte, Augusta & Columbia Railroad Co. v. Gibbes, 142 U. S., 386; Pacific Express Co. Seibert, 142 U. S., 339; Horn Silver Mining Co. r. New York, 143 U. S., 305; Budd v. New York, 143 U. S., 517; Schwab v. Berggren, 143 U. S., 442; Fielden . Illinois, 143 U. S., 452; O'Neil. Vermont, 144 U. S., 323; New York v. Squire, 145 U. S., 175; Brown v. Smart, 145 U. S., 454; McPherson . Blacker, 146 U. S., 1; Morley . Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R. R. Co., 146 U.S., 162; Hallinger r. Davis, 146 U. S., 314; Yesler v. Washington Harbor Line Commissioners, 146 U. S., 646; Jennings . Coal Ridge Improvement & Coal Co., 147 U. S., 147; Giozza Tiernan, 148 U. S., 657; Paulsen v. Portland, 149 U. S., 30; Minneapolis & St. Louis Railway . Emmons, 149 U. S., 364; Fong Yue Ting. United States, 149 U. S., 698; McNulty . California, 149 U. S., 645; Columbus Southern Railway Co. e. Wright, 151 U. S., 470; New York & New England Railroad Co. v. Bristol, 151 U. S. 556; Lawton r. Steele, 152 U. S., 133; Montana Co. . St. Louis Mining & Milling Co., 152 U. S., 160; Duncan . Missouri, 152 U. S., 377; Marchant . Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 153 U. S., 380; Braes. Stoeser, 153 U. S., 391; McKane v. Durston, 153 U. S., 684; Scott v. McNeal, 154 U. S., 34; Reagan v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., 154 U. S., 362; Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway Co. v. Backus, 154 U. S., 421; St. Louis & San Francisco Railway Co. v. Gill, 156 U. S., 649; Bergeman . Backer, 157 U. S., 655; Gray v. Connecticut, 159 U. S., 74; Central Land Co. v. Laidley, 159 U. S., 103; Moore v. Missouri, 159 U. S., 673; Winona & St. Peter Land Co. v. Minnesota, 159 Ú. S., 526; Iowa Central Railway Co. v. lowa, 160 U. S., 389; Eldridge . Trezevant, 160 U.S., 452; Gibson v. Mississippi, 162 Ú. S., 565; Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Taggart, 163 U. S., 1; Lowe v. Kansas, 163 U. S., 81; Plessy. Ferguson, 163 U. S., 537; Talton v. Mayes, 163 U. S., 376; Fallbrook Irrigation District v. Bradley, 164 U. S., 112; Missouri Pacific Railway Co. r. Nebraska, 164 U. S., 403; Covington & Lexington Turnpike Co. v. Sandford, 164 U. S., 578; St. Louis & San Francisco Railway Co. v. Matthews, 165 U. S., 1; Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fé Railway v. Ellis, 165 U. S., 150; Jones v. Brim, 165 U. S., 180; Adams Express Co. r. Ohio State Auditor, 165 U. S., 194; Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Indiana, 165 U. S., 304; Allgeyer . Louisiana, 165 U. S., 578; N. Y., N. H. & Hartford R. R. v. New York, 165 U. S., 628; Allen v. Georgia, 166 U. S., 138; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. Co. v. Chicago, 166 U. S., 226; Gladson v. Minnesota, 166 U. S., 427; Sentell v. New Orleans & Carrollton R. R. Co., 166 U. S., 698; Henderson Bridge Co. v. Kentucky, 166 U. S., 150; Davis v. Massachusetts, 167 U. S., 43; Merchants' & Manufacturers' Bank . Pennsylvania, 167 U. S., 461; Turner. New York, 168 U. S., 90; Craemer . Washington State, 168 U. S., 124; Hodgson e. Vermont, 168 U. S., 262; Nobles v. Georgia, 168 U. S., 398; McHenry v. Alford, 168 U. S., 651; Holden r. Hardy, 169 U. S., 366; Smyth v. Ames, 169 U. S., 466; Wilson . North Carolina, 169 U. S., 586; Savings & Loan Society v. Multnomah County, 169 U. S., 421; United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U. S., 649; Backus v. Fort Street Union Depot Co., 169 U. S., 557; Williams . Mississippi, 170 U. S., 213; Magoun . Illinois Trust & Savings Bank, 170 U. S., 283; Williams . Eggleston, 170

U. S., 304; Tinsley r. Anderson, 171 U. S., 101; King v. Mullins, 171 U. S., 404; New York . Roberts, 171 U. S., 658; Meyer . Richmond, 172 U. S., 82; Blake . McClung, 172 U. S., 239; Norwood v. Baker, 172 U. S., 269; Orient Insurance Co. v. Daggs, 172 U. S., 557; Wilson . Eureka City, 173 U. S., 32; Dewey r. Des Moines, 173 U. S., 193; St. Louis, Iron Mountain & St. Paul Railway Co. v. Paul, 173 U. S., 404; Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway Co. v. Smith, 173 U. S., 684; Central Loan & Trust Co. v. Campbell Commission Co., 173 U. S., 84; Henderson Bridge Co. v. Henderson City, 173 U. S., 592; Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé R. R. Co. r. Matthews, 174 U. S., 96; Brown v. New Jersey, 175 U. S., 172; Addyston Pipe and Steel Co. v. United States, 175 U. S., 211; Tullis r. Lake Erie & Western R. R. Co., 175 U. S., 348; Cumming . Richmond County Board of Education, 175 U. S., 528; Bolln v. Nebraska, 176 U. Š., 83; Clark v. Kansas City, 176 U. S., 114; Wyerhauesser . Minnesota, 176 U. S., 550; Maxwell v. Dow, 176 U. S., 581; Roller v. Holly, 176 U. S., 398; Adirondack Railway Co. r. New York State, 176 U. S., 335; Petit v. Minnesota, 177 U. S., 164; Grundling . Chicago, 177 U. S., 183; Ohio Oil Co. . Indiana, No. 1, 177 U. S., 190; Louisville & Nashville R. R. Co. v. Schmidt, 177 U. S., 230; Saranac Land & Timber Co. v. Comptroller of New York, 177 U. S., 318; Carter r. Texas, 177 U. S., 442; L'Hote ". New Orleans, 177 U. S., 587; Waters-Pierce Oil Co. v. Texas, 177 U. S., 28; Taylor et al. v. Beckham (No. 1), 178 U. S., 548; Sully et al. v. American National Bank, 178 U. S., 289; Wheeler et als. . N. Y., N. H. & Hartford R. R., 178 U. S., 321; American Sugar Refining Co. v. Louisiana, 179 U. S., 89; New York State v. Barker (No. 1), 179 U. S., 279; Williams . Fears, 179 U. S., 270; Wisconsin, Minnesota and Pacific Railroad v. Jacobson, 179 U. S., 287; Mason v. Missouri, 179 U. S., 328; McDonald v. Massachusetts, 180 U. S., 311; W. W. Cargill Co. v. Minnesota, 180 U. S., 452; French v. Barber Asphalt Paving Co., 181 U. S., 324; Wight v. Davidson, 181 U. S., 371; Tonawanda v. Lyon, 181 U. S., 389; Webster v. Fargo, 181 U. S., 394; Farrell v. West Chicago Park Commissioners, 181 U. S., 404; Red River Valley Bank v. Craig, 181 U. S., 548; Mallett . North Carolina, 181 U. S., 589; Simon r. Craft, 182 U. S., 427; Cotting v. Kansas City Stock Yards Company and the State of Kansas, 183 U. S., 79; Storti r. Massachusetts, 183 U. S., 138; Orr v. Gilman, 183 U. S., 278; Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad Co. r. Reynolds, 183 U. S., 471; Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Kentucky, 183 U. S., 471; Nutting v. Massachusetts, 183 U. S., 553; McChord v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co., 183 U. S., 483; King . Portland City, 184 U. S., 61; Clark v. Titusville, 184 U. S., 329; Booth r. Illinois, 184 U. S., 425; Goodrich r. Detroit, 184 U. S., 432; 3 St. Louis Consolidated Coal Co. v. Illinois, 185 U. S., 203; Fidelity Mutual Life Association v. Mettler, 185 U. S., 308; Travelers' Insurance Co. v. Connecticut, 185 U. S., 364; Swafford v. Templeton, 185 U. S., 487; 3 Turpin . Lemon, 187 U. S., 51; Dreyer r. Illinois, 187 U. S., 71; 2 Reid v. Colorado, 187 U. S., 137; Fidelity & Deposit Co. v. Maryland, 187 U. S., 315; Chadwick r. Kelley, 187 U. S., 540; Otis v. Parker, 187 U. S., 606; Diamond Glue Co. v. U. S. Glue Co., 187 U. S., 611; *Billings r. Illinois, 188 U. S., 97; 2 Blackstone . Miller, 188 U. S., 189; 34 Hooker v. Los Angeles, 188 U. S., 314; 3 Louisville, &c., Ferry Co.

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