Rising labor costs and increasing competition for tax dollars to provide urban services demand that a more precise methodology be used in the management of fire departments. A pilot program was conducted with the cooperation of the Alexandria, Va. Fire Department to evaluate the applicability and usefulness of selected Operations Research tools. These tools, in the form of computer models, were modified and adapted to assure that they could be implemented to provide information which would facilitate fire department management. In this effort queuing, facility location, and simulation models were applied to sample data extracted from the historical records of the Alexandria Fire Department. It was established that such models do provide valuable information which may assist managerial decisions. This paper describes the city of Alexandria and its fire department, the G.R. models, output from their application, and evaluations of the output.

TN783. Durability and maintenance as related to the selection of flooring, W. C. Wolfe, R. F. Roberts, and M. Russell, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 783, 68 pages (Aug. 1973) 90 cents, SD Catalog No. C13.46:783.

Key words: Carpets; durability; economics; field studies; flooring; floor coverings; life-cost; maintenance; user needs. This report is addressed to the problem of selection and maintenance of flooring to the best advantage in terms of durability, type and severity of service, appearance, comfort, and safety. The selection of flooring is discussed with respect to service life, maintenance, obsolescence, and trade-off advantages. Two articles by maintenance administrators include information and discussion helpful in determining maintenance cost, trade-offs, and selection of flooring for different types of service. Field observations and preliminary field tests by the National Bureau of Standards indicate areas in which research is needed, as in laboratory tests for wear and slip resistance. Observations and field tests are impracticable to use for procurement.

This report is helpful in the selection and maintenance of flooring and floor finishes. More important, it points up areas in which research is needed to develop information for this purpose.

TN784. Unassigned.

TN785. Scanning electron microscope examination of wire bonds from high-reliability devices, K. O. Leedy, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 785, 35 pages (Aug. 1973) 55 cents, SD Catalog No. C13.46:785.

Key words: Aluminum wire; high reliability; integrated circuit; metallization; scanning electron microscope; transistor; ultrasonic bonding; wire bonding.

An examination with a scanning electron microscope was made of the wire bonds of over 75 high-reliability microelectronic devices. The device interconnects were ultrasonically bonded aluminum wires. Of primary interest were the bonds themselves; their appearance and its significance are described. Also described is the appearance of the metallization and the wire. Comments and explanations are given where the phenomena are understood. Although the devices studied had passed preliminary electrical tests and pre-encapsulation visual examinations, many potential reliability problems were identified such as weak bonds, electrical shorts and contamination.

TN786. Methods for testing wire-bond electrical connections, H. A. Schafft, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 786, 23 pages (Nov. 1973) 50 cents, SD Catalog No. C13.46:786.

Key words: Bonding; electrical connection; failure (wire bond); integrated circuits; microelectronics; reliability; semiconductor devices; testing (wire bond); wire bond.

A significant fraction of the failures that occur in integrated circuits are due to failures of the wire-bond electrical connections that are used. Therefore, a critical area for reliability improvement is in the methods for testing and evaluating wire bonds. Several of these methods are surveyed. In particular, analyses with regard to the stress that the test imposes on the wire bond in the pull, centrifuge, mechanical shock, vibration, and temperature cycling tests are presented and used in discussing the capabilities and limitations of these methods.

TN787. Heuristic cost optimization of the Federal Telpak network, R. G. Saltman, G. R. Bolotsky, and Z. G. Ruthberg, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 787, 52 pages (June 1973) 80 cents, SD Catalog No. C13.46:787.

Key words: Communications network; computer program; heuristic; minimum cost; network configuration; optimization; Telpak rate structure.

A heuristic method of optimizing the design of a very large communications network is described. The procedure is employed to configure the routes of 5552 communications service requests involving 1633 nodes. A FORTRAN IV program was developed to solve for actual needs of the Defense Communications Agency for leased-line service employing the Telpak tariff structure.

TN788. Methods of measurement for semiconductor materials, process control, and devices. Quarterly report January 1 to March 31, 1973, W. M. Bullis, Editor, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 788, 79 pages (Aug. 1973) 95 cents, SD Catalog No. C13.46:788.

Key words: Base transit time; carrier lifetime; delay time; die attachment; electrical properties; electronics; epitaxial silicon; four-probe method; generation centers; germanium; gold-doped silicon; infrared response; methods of measurement; microelectronics; microwave diodes; probing techniques (a-c); pull test; recombination centers; resistivity; resistivity standards; semiconductor devices; semiconductor materials; semiconductor process control; silicon; Sparameters; switching transients; thermal resistance; thermally stimulated properties; trapping centers; wire bonds.

This quarterly progress report, nineteenth of a series, describes NBS activities directed toward the development of methods of measurement for semiconductor materials, process control, and devices. Significant accomplishments during this reporting period include (1) development of a comprehensive, large-area test pattern for evaluating planar junction structures, (2) completion of experimental work on the evaluation of the destructive, double-bond pull test for wire bonds, (3) initiation of a scanning electron microscope facility, and (4) completion of the investigation of the mechanism of emitter-base junction reverse breakdown during rapid switching of transistors. Because of the general applicability of the last of these, details are presented in a separate appendix. Work is continuing on measurement of resistivity of semiconductor crystals; characterization of generation-recombination-trapping centers in silicon; study of golddoped silicon; development of the infrared response technique; evaluation of wire bonds and die attachment; measurement of thermal properties of semiconductor devices; determination of S-parameters, delay time, and related carrier transport properties in junction devices; development of a-c probing techniques; and characterization of noise and conversion loss of microwave detector diodes. Supplementary data concerning staff, standards committee activities, technical services, and publications are included as appendices.

TN789. Technical options for energy conservation in buildings,

The purpose of this report is to provide reference material on the technical options for energy conservation in buildings. It was prepared for the National Conference of States for Building Codes and Standards-National Bureau of Standards Joint Emergency Workshop on Energy Conservation in Buildings held at the U.S. Department of Commerce in Washington, D.C. on June 19, 1973.

This report describes actions pertinent to existing buildings and new buildings. Regarding existing buildings, principal topics include summer cooling, winter heating, and other energy conserving features-i.e., insulation, fenestration, lighting, appliances, domestic hot water, and human comfort. Suggested actions include those which can be accomplished voluntarily or without expense, and also actions which require some modest effort or expense on the part of the building owner or occupant.

Regarding new buildings, energy conservation actions are described that deal with building design and mechanical systems. The report concludes with a summary of mechanisms for implementation of such actions and criteria for use in evaluation of them.

TN789-1. Emergency workshop on energy conservation in buildings, S. A. Berry, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 789-1,31 pages (July 1975) SD Catalog No. C13.46:789-1.

Key words: building codes; buildings; energy conservation; standards.

This report contains the non-technical presentations given at the National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards/National Bureau of Standards Joint Emergency Workshop on Energy Conservation in Buildings.

Presentations included in this document are those of other Federal Agencies, States, technical societies and industry organizations.

This document is a companion document to NBS Technical Note 789, "Technical Options for Energy Conservation in Buildings."

TN790. MIDAS modular interactive data acquisition system-description and specification, C. H. Popenoe and M. S. Campbell, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 790, 49 pages (Aug. 1973) 75 cents, SD Catalog No. C13.46:790.

Key words: Computer-controlled experiment; computer interfacing; data acquisition system; digital interface; instrumentation; laboratory automation; MIDAS; programmable controller.

The task of interfacing experiments to computers and datalogging systems should be made as painless as possible for the scientist. With this intent, MIDAS, a user-oriented, modular digital interface system based on CAMAC hardware and USASCII-bus data communication has been developed. MIDAS modules enable the experimenter to set up, program, modify and operate automated or computer-controlled experiments independently of the experts. Salient features of the concept are described and operating configurations discussed both with and without computer control. System interface requirements are specified in sufficient detail to enable one skilled in the

art to design and construct modules operable within a MIDAS system.

TN791. Dose calibrator pilot study, S. B. Garfinkel and G. J. Hine, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 791, 7 pages (Aug. 1973) 30 cents, SD Catalog No. C13.46:791.

Key words: Dose calibrators; indium-113m; molybdenum99; nuclear medicine; radiopharmaceuticals; technetium99m; tin-113.

Results of measurements of six sources in dose calibrators used in nuclear medicine facilities at eight hospitals in the Washington metropolitan area are given.

TN792. Investigation of viscous flow in glass during phase separation, J. H. Simmons, S. A. Mills, A. Napolitano, D. H. Blackburn, and W. K. Haller, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 792, 43 pages (Sept. 1973) 65 cents, SD Catalog No. C13.46:792.

Key words: Glass; microstructure; phase separation; viscosity.

The isothermal viscosity of two borosilicate glasses, of which one is a commercial glass widely used for chemical glassware, shows a large increase (4 to 5 orders of magnitude) with heattreatment time (ranging up to 100,000 min) near the annealing point. The two glasses have similar compositions, but differ greatly in their phase separation characteristics. Electron micrographs are used to analyze the development of microstructure during the suspected phase separation. In both glasses, it is found that the structure development is primarily responsible for the viscosity increase. An analysis of the data, and a theoretical interpretation of the effect are presented.

TN793. Development of a procedure for measuring the noise of paper caps, M. A. Cadoff, D. E. Mathews, and D. S. Blomquist, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 793, 23 pages (Oct. 1973) 50 cents, SD Catalog No. C13.46:793.

Key words: Acoustics; cap guns; children; consumer safety; hearing damage; noise; paper caps; standard apparatus; toys.

In recent years, a great concern has been expressed for consumer protection and safety, especially for children. As an outgrowth of this concern, acoustical testing of potentially hazardous noise-producing toys has been carried out at the National Bureau of Standards for the Bureau of Product Safety (FDA) under the authority of the Toy Safety Act of 1969. This paper discusses in detail the testing work carried out on commercial cap guns and caps, which culminated in the development of a standard firing apparatus for testing paper caps. Engineering drawings of the standard apparatus are given as well as a recommended procedure for using this apparatus to test paper caps. TN794. NBS corridor fire tests: Energy and radiation models, F. C. W. Fung, R. Suchomel, and P. L. Oglesby, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 794, 127 pages (Oct. 1973) $1.40, SD Catalog No. C13.46:794.

Key words: Ceiling radiation; corridor fires; critical energy input; flame spread, calculation, and observations; floor covering evaluations; heat balances; heat transfer mechanisms; models, energy balance, radiation, and scaling. The NBS corridor fire program is a continuing program to investigate the growth and spread of fire and smoke through a corridor when fire is initiated in an adjoining room. Due to recent fires involving floor coverings [1], and controversies over current floor covering flammability test methods, floor coverings have received special attention during the first phase of the cor

ridor fire program. Results of the NBS program on corridor fires are presented under the unifying concepts of energy and radiation models. The major findings are: (1) One type of carpet fire hazard has been identified as the rapid flame spread over pile surface; (2) The dominant mechanism that causes this flame spread is energy transfer from ceiling radiation. This is substantiated by measurements and calculations; (3) Carpet evaluation by critical cumulative energy input into the corridor has been found to be feasible and informative in terms of heat transfer mechanisms; (4) Finally, a radiant panel test appears to be a promising approach to simulate the corridor environment for second generation flooring tests.

TN795. Review of network management problems and issues, A. J. Neumann, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 795, 77 pages (Oct. 1973) $1.00, SD Catalog No. C13.46:795.

Key words: Academic computing; networks; network management; regional networks; research computing. Computer networking is broadly considered including hardware, software, procedures and people. Networking encompasses many activities; such as, creation of network products, distribution processes, user activities, and supporting services like marketing, documentation, information services and maintenance. Network management covers both the establishment of networking operations and actual operation of the network facilities. It includes all management functions performed at such network nodes as computing centers, documentation facilities, and service distribution centers. In order to survey the problems facing development of network management, user requirements and system requirements are outlined in a qualitative manner. Examples of political, economic and legal constraints are summarized, such as the economic impact of extended networks on regional and local computing activities. Critical issues for networking management, and other areas of significant management concern are outlined. Organizational alternatives are conceived in terms of a four layer organization model. Conclusions deal with continuing problem areas, the need for a structural model for network management, critical experiments and tasks to be undertaken to further networking capabilities, and a suggestion to establish planning teams to initiate some of the initial steps required for further networking development.

TN796. FRAME: An on-line correction procedure for quantitative electron probe microanalysis, H. Yakowitz, R. L. Myklebust, and K. F. J. Heinrich, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 796, 51 pages (Oct. 1973) 80 cents, SD Catalog No. C13.46:796.

Key words: Electron probe; mini-computer; on-line correction; quantitative microanalysis.

A procedure using a mini-computer for on-line correction of xray data from electron microprobe analysis has been developed. This program, called FRAME, allows mass fractions to be computed on-line by the ZAF approach. Besides x-ray intensities, the only input data required are the atomic numbers of the elements present, the analytical line being used, and the operating voltage. Other required parameters such as atomic weights and x-ray mass attenuation coefficients are stored or calculated by the program. FRAME is in FORTRAN IV, and requires about 4K of computer core. Results from FRAME are very close to those of COR2, which is considered to be the most accurate program available for quantitative electron probe microanalysis. TN797. Static language analysis, G. Lyon, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 797, 23 pages (Oct. 1973) 50 cents, SD Catalog No. C13.46:797.

Key words: Data archives; language use; programming

aids; programming languages; source-statement analysis; syntax analysis.

Although many variants of programming languages exist, little information is available on how language features are actually used by programmers. Several data collection schemes are discussed here; each would provide empirical data on language use. Some internal details are given for analyzers for FORTRAN and COBOL. In addition, a suggestion is made for a special systems option which would allow a compiler to continuously record source statement characteristics or programs given to it.

TN798. Collaborative research program between NBS and Indian Scientific Institutions. Special foreign currency program 1973 status, H. S. Peiser, M. B. McNeil, and D. M. Bluebond, Editors, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 798, 139 pages (Nov. 1973) $1.50, SD Catalog No. C13.46:798.

Key words: Binational research cooperation; international scientific cooperation; India science and technology; physical science research administration; research planning; scientific research abstracts; Special Foreign Currency.

An overview is given of grants awarded by the National Bureau of Standards under the Special Foreign Currency Program in India, authorized by Public Law 480 and its amendments. Each grant is identified by title, principal investigator, institution in India, NBS monitor charged with working in close technical touch with the project in India, and the monitor's organizational unit within NBS. The relevant work is then described briefly under the three headings "Summary Description of Project Goals," "Results and Implications to Date," and "List of Publications that Resulted from the Project." To demonstrate the wide use of such grants over the entire Program Structure of NBS, the grant descriptions are ordered by the elements of that Program Structure. Editorial comment on the significance and purpose of the NBS/SFCP grant program is confined to a Foreword and Introduction. The editors judge this grant program to have had a high benefit to cost ratio from the viewpoint of NBS. TN799. User procedures standardization for network access, A. J. Neumann, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 799, 43 pages (Oct. 1973) 70 cents, SD Catalog No. C13.46:799.

Key words: Network access procedures; networking; standardization; user protocols.

User access procedures to information systems have become of crucial importance with the advent of computer networks, which have opened new types of resources to a broad spectrum of users. This report surveys user access protocols of six representative systems. Functional access requirements are outlined, and implementation of access procedures is analyzed by means of a common methodology.

Qualitative assessment of standardization possibilities identify standardization candidates such as: system and user signals, online user entries, system requests, and network wide categories of message content.

TN800. Computer networking: Approaches to quality service assurance, R. B. Stillman, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 800, 26 pages (Jan. 1974) SD Catalog No. C13.46:800.

Key words: compiler; computer network; documentation; dynamic software analysis; interpreter; quality control; software testing; software verification; static software analysis; structured programming; system errors; system performance; theorem-proving.

The problem of quality service assurance in a (generalized)

computer networking environment is addressed. In the absence of any direct, well-defined, quantitative measure of service quality and reliability, error collection and analysis is the only basis for service quality control. Therefore, mechanisms are described which facilitate reporting of operational errors, documentation of error corrections, and collection of system performance data. Since techniques for hardware quality control are well known, these mechanisms focus on collecting data which can be used to assess and control software quality. Finally, specific network facilities are described which support research in the area of software quality, and potential areas of new research using the network are identified.

TN801. Research considerations in computer networking to expand resource sharing, D. W. Fife, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 801, 24 pages (June 1974) SD Catalog No. C13.46:801.

Key words: computer networking research; computer network management; management evaluation; resource sharing.

Computer networking technology is adequately developed now to support research and experimentation to expand computing resource sharing. Whether progress will be made depends upon organizational initiative among multiple institutions, to pool personnel and capital so as to effectively address the major issues in management approach, support and software design that limit the feasible interdependence of computing operations. The organizational requirements are partially revealed by examining progressive stages of resource sharing in organizational and operational terms rather than such technical aspects as load sharing or program sharing that have been introduced in the past. Five stages are identified, ranging from simply establishing multiple service access to the advanced stage where multiple institutions organize for joint development of new resources. A preliminary evaluation framework for new management arrangements results when these stages are mapped against the four functional levels inherent in computer network management. Future needs for networking experimentation and research are briefly described, and other NBS technical results are identified in context.

TN802. Network user information support, A. J. Neumann, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 802, 27 pages (Dec. 1973) 60 cents, SD Catalog No. C13.46:802.

Key words: Computers; consultation; documentation; information support; networks; on-line support; user needs; user support.

With increasing interest in the development of computer networks and the proliferation of remote entry capability from user terminals, user support takes on new dimensions. Some user characteristics are outlined as they affect user support. User support requirements are identified for training, terminal operation, and general information to aid in network operations. Support capabilities include on-line aids, information available on request, and tutorial information available at the terminal. User support also includes pertinent documentation and human consultation. Areas of future research are identified as: interactive language design, tutorial design, integration of hard-copy and online capabilities, and further development of user feedback capability.

TN803. A guide to networking terminology, A. J. Neumann, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 803, 29 pages (Mar. 1974) SD Catalog No. C13.46:803.

Key words: computer networks; glossary; telecommunications; teleprocessing; terminology; vocabulary.

A selected set of terms and definitions relating to computer

networking is presented in a coherent manner. An introduction gives the rationale for the glossary, defines the scope by a brief tutorial overview, and states the glossary format and conventions. The glossary is arranged alphabetically and contains about 140 definitions and associated terms. The sources of many terms are cited and modifiers indicate the status of definitions. A complete listing of source material is appended.

TN804. Review of computer networking technology, R. P. Blanc, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 804, 135 pages (Jan. 1974) SD Catalog No. C13.46:804.

Key words: computer networks; computer-to-computer transfers; interactive terminals; minicomputer-based systems; network configuration; remote job entry; resource sharing.

This report gives a descriptive summary of the technical characteristics of existing computer networks, including data communication technology and configuration related to support of resource sharing services for a computer network. Included are discussions of terminal support capabilities for the communications network and a development of relevant network terminology. The report concludes with a comparative evaluation of existing technological approaches to networking.

TN805. Network management survey, I. W. Cotton, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 805, 91 pages (Feb. 1974) SD Catalog No. C13.46:805.

Key words: computer network; management; network, network management.

This report presents the results of a study of management practices in different computer networks. Five networks were chosen as typical of different approaches to network implementation and management: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) Network, MERIT Network, Triangle Universities Computation Center (TUCC), Oregon State Regional Network and Tymnet, a commercial network. A common format is employed to survey each network. While the report is not intended to be prescriptive, some empirical observations are presented for each topic covered.

TN806. Methods of measurement for semiconductor materials, process control, and devices. Quarterly report April 1 to June 30, 1973, W. M. Bullis, Editor, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 806, 77 pages (Nov. 1973) $1.00, SD Catalog No. C13.46:806.

Key words: Beam leads; carrier lifetime; delay time; die attachment; electrical properties; electronics; epitaxial silicon; generation centers; gold-doped silicon; methods of measurement; microelectronics; microwave diodes; mobility; pull test; recombination centers; resistivity; resistivity standards; scanning electron microscopy; semiconductor devices; semiconductor materials; semiconductor process control; silicon; S-parameters; spreading resistance; thermal resistance; thermally stimulated properties; trapping centers; wire bonds.

This quarterly progress report, twentieth of a series, describes NBS activities directed toward the development of methods of measurement for semiconductor materials, process control, and devices. Significant accomplishments during this reporting period include (1) completion of an initial identification of the more important problems in process control for integrated circuit fabrication and assembly as a basis for and expanded effort to be conducted in cooperation with ARPA, (2) completion of preparations for making silicon bulk resistivity wafer standards available to the industry, and (3) undertaking of new work to establish the relationship between carrier mobility and impurity density in silicon and to investigate test patterns for use in

process control and evaluation. Because of the general applicability of the first of these, a summary of the findings is presented in a separate appendix. Work is continuing on measurement of resistivity of semiconductor crystals; characterization of generation-recombination-trapping centers, including gold, in silicon; evaluation of wire bonds and die attachment; study of scanning electron microscopy for wafer inspection and test; measurement of thermal properties of semiconductor devices; determination of S-parameters and delay time in junction devices; and characterization of noise and conversion loss of microwave detector diodes. Supplementary data concerning staff, standards committee activities, technical services, and publications are also included as appendices. This is the last report in this form; future reports in this series will appear under the title, Semiconductor Measurement Technology.

TN807. Building performance in the 1972 Managua earthquake, R. N. Wright and S. Kramer, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 807, 155 pages (Nov. 1973) $1.60, SD Catalog No. C13.36:807.

Key words: Building codes; buildings; earthquakes; hazards; natural disasters; structures.

Following the Managua, Nicaragua, earthquake of Dec. 23, 1972, a team of engineers representing the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) performed field investigations in Managua, Nicaragua, from Dec. 26, 1972, to Jan. 4, 1973. The objectives were to assist the Nicaraguan government in surveying major buildings to determine whether each was suitable for emergency use, repairable, or appropriate for clearance. The team also viewed the patterns of successful performance and damage to identify needs for improvements in building practices for mitigation of earthquake hazards and opportunities for more detailed investigations which could provide information for future improvements in practices. In general, the damages cannot be attributed to unusual intensities of ground shaking or severity of surface faulting. Most damages appeared to result from deficiencies in building practices; deficiencies which had been exhibited many times before in previous earthquakes, deficiencies which would be avoided by implementation of up-to-date provisions for earthquake resistant design and construction. However, Managua did not employ a building code with seismic design requirements appropriate to its earthquake risk, and furthermore, did not have a building regulatory system capable of effective implementation of its building code provisions. This report documents the observations of damages by the NBS/NAE team and points out relationships to inadequacies in the building practices employed. Most of these inadequacies have been well known; however, the Managuan experience may serve as an incentive to improvement of building practices in many other areas which are subject to substantial earthquake risks and have not consistently accounted for these risks in their building codes and building regulatory system.

TN808. Potential systems for lead hazard elimination: Evaluations and recommendations for use, D. Waksman, J. B. Ferguson, M. Godette, and T. Reichard, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 808, 192 pages (Dec. 1973) $1.95, SD Catalog No. C13.46: 808.

Key words: Abrasion; adhesion; colorfastness; covering; flame spread: flash point; impact resistance; lead paint poisoning: materials: performance; properties; scratch resistance; smoke generation; toxic combustion products; toxicity; washability; water vapor permeance.

The National Bureau of Standards is providing technical support to the Department of Housing and Urban Development which is required by Public Law 91-695 (the Lead Paint Poisoning Prevention Act) to carry out a research program to evaluate and make recommendations regarding technology for the removal of the lead based paint hazard from the Nation's housing.

Potential hazard elimination methods have been identified by means of a survey of available technology. This report describes testing and evaluation methodologies used to determine (1) the suitability for use of a series of removal and lead barrier systems, (2) the results of this evaluation, and (3) recommendations concerning the use of said systems.

Paint removal systems were evaluated in terms of the hazards that they present in the course of their use. Both the flammability and the toxicity of the solvents found in removers were considered. Covering systems were evaluated for their suitability for use as barrier layers over lead bearing paints in housing. The effectiveness of covering systems in protecting children from leaded paint, their fire hazard properties and functional properties which are related to their serviceability were considered in making this evaluation. The properties of the systems were assessed in terms of minimum acceptable performance levels and recommendations are given for their use in a field evaluation pro

gram.

TN809. Government looks at privacy and security in computer systems. A summary of a conference held at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland, November 19-20, 1973, C. R. Renninger and D. K. Branstad, Eds., Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 809, 47 pages (Feb. 1974) SD Catalog No. C13.46:809.

Key words: computer systems, privacy and security; confidentiality; privacy; security.

This publication summarizes the proceedings of a conference held for the purpose of highlighting the needs and problems of Federal, State and local government in safeguarding individual privacy and protecting confidential data contained in computer systems from loss or misuse. The Conference was held at the National Bureau of Standards on November 19-20, 1973.

The origin of governmental problems is discussed in the context of the public's concern for privacy arising out of computerbased recordkeeping, the diverse legislative actions now being taken to safeguard privacy, the threats to the security of computer-based information systems and the technological problems associated with protecting against such threats. Useful distinctions are drawn between privacy, confidentiality and security to clarify the issues and allocate responsibilities for solving the problem among lawmakers, technologists and management.

Major needs are described. These include the need for cohesive Federal, State and local legislation, technological guidelines and standards for assuring uniform compliance with legislative requirements; management guidelines for identifying and evaluating threats to security; and improved technological mechanisms for controlling access to computer systems and networks. Cost implications of providing security measures are discussed.

TN810. Fire incidents involving sleepwear worn by children ages 6-12, J. A. Slater, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 810,23 pages (Dec. 1973) 50 cents, SD Catalog No. C13.46:810.

Key words: Accidents; burns; children; clothing fires; deaths; FFACTS; fire; flammable fabrics; injury; sleepwear; standards; statistics.

Sleepwear was the first fabric item ignited more frequently than any other item in over 1,900 fire incidents reported to the