1859-60 by several copper mining companies, merchants, and land owners, who contributed the sum of $30,000 for this purpose, dredged the river channel to a depth of 10 feet, and built a breakwater to protect its entrance. The original depth of the river entrance was 3 to 5 feet.

(b) The Portage Lake and River Improvement Company, incorporated 1861, continued the work of improvement of Portage River, dredged the channel to a greater depth, straightened it in places, placed buoys and beacons, and maintained the depth by annual dredging. Tolls were collected by this company.

(c) The Portage Lake and Lake Superior Ship Canal Company, incorporated 1864 (the title of this company was altered in 1871 to Lake Superior Ship Canal, Railroad and Iron Company), constructed in the years 1868-1873 a ship canal about 2 miles long by an artificial cut connecting Portage Lake and its northerly end with Lake Superior, thus making a continuous waterway across Keweenaw Point. Aid was given by Congress, which granted 400,000 acres of land to the company through the State of Michigan. Tolls were collected.

The United States assumed control of the entire waterway across Keweenaw Point in 1891, by purchase. (Report Chief of Engineers, 1892, III, p. 2158.)

Torch Lake channel, Michigan.-This waterway, originally a narrow, circuitous channel with a depth of 6 and 7 feet of water, connecting Torch Lake with Portage Lake, on Keweenaw Peninsula, was improved about the year 1873 by the Torch Lake Canal Company, under a charter from the State of Michigan. A cut was made 60 feet wide, 16 feet deep, and 24 miles long, not following the natural channel, but a rectified line in part through land. Tolls were established in 1886. Jurisdiction over Torch Lake has been practically waived by act of Congress, and the channel connecting it with Portage Lake is still controlled by private parties.

At the following-named harbors wharves have been built out into deep water, and in some cases dredging done alongside the wharves, by municipalities, private corporations, or individuals, without the estab lishment of harbor lines, thus forming in a certain sense "improvements on navigable waters of the United States," but it is doubtful whether improvements of this class properly fall within the scope of the information sought in section 13 of the act of June 13, 1902: Agate Bay, Minnesota; Splitrock, Minnesota; Bayfield, Wisconsin; Beaverbay, Minnesota; Redcliff, Wisconsin; Siskiwit Bay, Wisconsin; Baraga, Michigan; Copper Harbor, Michigan; Grand Marais, Michigan; Huron Bay, Michigan; Munising, Michigan; Pequaming, Michigan; Presque Isle, Michigan; Skanee, Michigan.

The last clause of section 13 of the act approved June 13, 1902, calls for information relating to

all cases of improvement of harbors and rivers by the United States in connection with which, the work of improvement, under approved projects, has included or will include inner harbors, or portions of rivers or inlets within shore lines or corporate city limits, or channels adjacent to wharves.

The following cases are believed to fall within some one or more of the four cases embraced by the foregoing clause:

Grand Marais, Minn.-Dredging by the United States previous to 1887, adjacent to the wharf on easterly side of harbor.

Duluth, Minn.-All dredging of channels and basins, pier work and

improvements at the Duluth Ship Canal, revetments and sand fences for the protection from erosion of Minnesota Point (which forms a natural breakwater for the harbor), landing piers, warehouses, boathouses, and other minor improvements, executed by the United States under various projects since about the year 1873, and the continuance of the same or similar works of improvement under existing or proposed approved projects.

The above embraces practically all work done in this harbor by the United States since 1873.

St. Louis River, Minnesota and Wisconsin.-Shoals were removed by dredging, from that portion of the river lying between the city limits of Duluth and of Superior and the village of New Duluth, in the years 1894 and 1896.

Superior, Wis.-Dredging of channels and basins, construction of piers at the Wisconsin Entrance, maintenance of piers and channels, construction of boathouse, etc., executed by the United States under various projects since the year 1868, and proposed dredging and pier construction under existing approved projects.

Portwring, Wis.-Works of improvement are about to be executed by the Government under an approved project for enlarging and protecting the entrance channel and dredging a small inner basin or slip. Ashland, Wis.-Dredging was executed by the United States in 1897 adjacent to the city wharves. Further dredging of similar character is projected.

Ontonagon, Mich.-Improvement of river entrance by the construction of piers and by dredging, and dredging of the inner harbor up to the bridge and adjacent to wharves, has been carried out by the Government during the period from 1867 to the present date, and maintenance of the foregoing improvements is provided by act of Congress approved June 13, 1902.

Waterway from Keweenaw Bay to Lake Superior, Michigan.-All dredging and revetment work done by the United States since 1891, and all work contemplated in approved projects, in Portage River, Portage Lake, Lily Pond, and the Portage canals, lies either in inner harbors or portions of rivers or inlets within shore lines.

Grand Marais, Mich. -An artificial entrance was dredged through a sand spit and parallel piers constructed along the sides of the dredged About two-fifths of the west pier and about one-tenth of the east pier lie within the original shore line of Lake Superior. Approved projects contemplate the maintenance of the piers and channel.

cut.

Very respectfully,

Chief of Engineers, U. S. A.

Brig. Gen. G. L. GILLESPIE,

(28) REPORT OF MAJ. J. G. WARREN, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, MILWAUKEE,

WIS., DISTRICT.

UNITED STATES ENGINEER OFFICE,

Milwaukee, Wis., August 13, 1902.

GENERAL: In accordance with letter from Office of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, dated July 25, 1902, I have the honor

to forward herewith a report of all improvements undertaken by municipalities, private corporations, and individuals on navigable waters of the United States included in the district under my charge, and also of all cases in which the work of improvement of rivers and harbors in this district by the United States under approved projects has included or will include inner harbors or portions of rivers or inlets within shore lines or corporate city limits or channels adjacent to wharves, as required by section 13 of the river and harbor act approved June 13, 1902:

Manistique Harbor, Michigan.-The Chicago Lumbering Company built two piers, extending from the mouth of Manistique River into Lake Michigan, each about 1,600 feet long, and a breakwater 420 feet long, and increased the depth of channel from 7 feet to 12 feet by dredging.

*

*

Gladstone Harbor, Michigan.--This is a natural harbor, and no improvement of it has been made by the United States. The Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway Company has built extensive ore docks and wharves and dredged channels connecting them with the natural channel in Little Bay de Noquette, an arm of Green Bay.

* * *

Escanaba Harbor, Michigan.-This is a natural harbor, and no improvement of it has been undertaken by the United States. The Chicago and Northwestern and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway companies have built extensive ore docks and wharves and dredged channels connecting them with the natural channel in Little Bay de Noquette, an arm of Green Bay.

Mouth and harbor of Cedar River, Michigan.-By building piers extending from the mouth of the river into Green Bay, and dredging, the Spalding Lumber Company increased the depth of the entrance channel from 4 feet to 9 feet. In 1883-1885 the United States extended the piers and dredged between them, thereby temporarily increasing the depth to 13 feet. This work was wholly outside of the shore lines. Since then it is reported that the aforesaid lumber company and their successors have redredged the channel from time to time.

* * *

Menominee Harbor and River, Michigan and Wisconsin.-By building wharves and docks in the river and by dredging a narrow and tortuous channel, private corporations increased the navigable depth from 4 feet to 14 feet at the entrance to the river and in the river itself for about 2 miles from its mouth. The improvement undertaken by the United States consists of building two piers extending from the mouth of the river into Green Bay, and increasing the depth of channel between them to 20 feet and the channel in the river to 17 feet. The latter is wholly within the shore lines. The act of June 13, 1902, provides for increasing its depth to 20 feet, which is the same depth as the present harbor channel, in accordance with plans and map printed in House Doc. No. 419, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session.

Oconto Harbor, Wisconsin.-The authorities of the city of Oconto increased the navigable depth at the entrance to the river from 2 feet to 3 feet by building 1,000 feet of slab pier and by dredging 31,000 cubic yards of material. The improvement undertaken by the United States consists of extending the piers built by the city to the 10-foot contour in Green Bay, and increasing the depth of channel to 9 feet for a distance of 9,000 feet, of which about 7,000 feet is wholly within the shore lines.

Pensaukee Harbor, Wisconsin.-By private enterprise the natural depth at the entrance to Pensaukee River was temporarily increased from 2 feet to 8 feet for a width of 30 feet by building a slab pier 1,600 feet long on the north side of the river mouth, and by dredging. In 1883 the United States extended the piers 1,300 feet and removed 5,698 cubic yards from the channel by dredging, resulting in temporarily obtaining a channel 11 feet deep and 25 feet wide. Since then the pier built by private enterprise and 300 feet of the Government pier were carried away by storms. It is reported that a small amount of dredging was done by private parties in 1895.

* * *

Green Bay Harbor, Wisconsin. The improvement of this harbor, undertaken by the United States, consists of increasing the depth and making more direct two channels. The natural navigable depth of these channels was about 10 feet. First, from the mouth of Fox River northerly into Green Bay. Present depth of channel, 17 feet. The act approved June 13, 1902, provided for increasing its depth to 20 feet in accordance with report and plans submitted December 12, 1899, printed in House Doc. No. 232, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session. Second, Fox River below Depere, to the southerly limits of the city of Green Bay. This channel is wholly within the shore lines, and strictly speaking is an improvement of Fox River rather than a harbor improvement. At Depere it connects with slack water and canal navigation extending to Portage, Wis., a distance of 156 miles. Between Depere and the city of Green Bay the depth of channel is 17 feet. These improvements were made wholly by the United States. The intervening pool in Fox River connecting these channels had a natural depth of from 25 to 40 feet and required no improvement.

Sturgeon Bay and Lake Michigan Ship Canal, including harbor of refuge connected therewith, Wisconsin.-Canal: By act of Congress approved April 10, 1866, a grant of 200,000 acres of public lands was made to the State of Wisconsin to aid in the construction of a canal to connect the waters of Sturgeon Bay and Lake Michigan. In 1868 this giant was transferred by the State to the Sturgeon Bay and Lake Michigan Ship Canal and Harbor Company. Between the years of 1872 and 1881 a canal 7,200 feet long, 13 feet deep, and 100 feet wide at water surface was built by the aforesaid company. For a detailed history of this work see Annual Report of Chief of Engineers for 1887, page 2017 et seq. The canal was purchased by the United States in 1893 for the sum of $81,833, and since then the Government has increased its minimum width to 130 feet. Harbor of refuge connected therewith consists of converging piers projecting from the shore lines into Lake Michigan, each 1,344 feet long, which serve as an entrance to and protection of the eastern end of the canal. It was built wholly by the United States, and the channel has a depth of 17 feet. The act of June 13, 1902, provided for consolidating the two works and increasing the depth to 21 feet, in accordance with report and plans submitted November 24, 1900, and printed in House Doc. No. 117, Fifty-sixth Congress, second session. Estimated cost, $218,000.

Ahnapee Harbor, Wisconsin. The improvement undertaken by the United States consists of building two piers projecting from the shore lines into Lake Michigan, a distance of 1,100 feet, and the formation of a channel between them 100 feet wide and 13 feet deep. Connecting therewith inside of the shore line the projected channel is of the same dimensions for a distance of 750 feet, and thence for 800 feet the width ENG 1902-165

is reduced to 50 feet. (See House Doc. No. 172, Fifty-fourth Congress, second session.) Some time prior to 1871 the citizens of Ahnapee constructed bridge piers and dredged a cut through the bar at the river mouth. They also built a temporary pier between the Government piers, to be removed when so required. (See Annual Reports of Chief of Engineers for 1871, pp. 126 and 127, and for 1874, p. 143.)

Kewaunee Harbor, Wisconsin.-The natural mouth of Kewaunee River was obstructed by a bar, the depth of water over it being about 3 feet; inside of the bar the river was 200 to 300 feet wide, and the depth 10 to 12 feet. The improvement undertaken by the United States consisted of building two parallel piers at a point about 2,000 feet south of the natural entrance, extending from the shore line into Lake Michigan for a distance of about 1,800 feet, and the formation of a channel between them 15 feet deep; also cutting through the neck of land between the river and the lake, a distance of about 300 feet, continuing the channel through it, and dredging a basin in the river about 500 feet long and same depth. Completed in accordance with the approved project in 1898. (See Annual Report of Chief of Engineers for 1897, p. 2676.) In connection with this improvement municipalities and individuals aided as follows: In 1880 the towns of Kewaunee and West Kewaunee raised the sum of $8,000 by taxation, which was expended in building the harbor piers under the direction of the engineer officer in charge. The authorities of the city of Kewaunee and other owners of property fronting on the cut between the river and the lake, and in the river itself, protected the banks by building revetments, wharves, and docks, and by dredging adjacent thereto.

* *

Manitowoc Harbor, Wisconsin.-The improvement of this harbor, undertaken by the United States, consists of building two parallel piers projecting from the shore lines at the mouth of Manitowoc River into Lake Michigan * * * and the formation of a navigable channel between them; * also the construction of a breakwater 400 feet long. The foregoing-mentioned improvements were completed in 1898. The authorities of the city of Manitowoc aided the United States in accomplishing this work to the following extent: In 1866 they expended $20,000 in building a dredging plant, and permitting the government contractor to use it at a nominal rental. In 1872 they expended $15,000 for dredging between the piers. The act approved June 13, 1902, provided for extending the breakwater 400 feet, at an estimated cost of $37,000, in accordance with report and plan submitted December 12, 1899, printed in House Doc. No. 233, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session. It also directed that a survey of Manitowoc Harbor and River be made and estimate of cost submitted for increasing the depth to 21 feet of the channels therein, and the formation of two or more turning basins in the river of the same depth. Sheboygan Harbor, Wisconsin.-Between 1852 and 1860, prior to the United States undertaking the improvement of this harbor, the authorities of the city and county of Sheboygan increased the natural governing depth of channel from 4 to 11 feet by building and maintaining two parallel piers at the mouth of the river, extending from the shore lines into Lake Michigan, and by dredging between them. The lengths of the north and south piers were 450 and 346 feet, respectively, and cost of work $55,000. In 1878 the city of Sheboygan defrayed the expense of transferring a dredging plant from Port Washington to Sheboygan and return, and of a tug to attend the dredge while at work