training institutes-will greatly help all our school, college, and public libraries to provide more adequate resources and services to children in elementary school, to students in high school and college, and to adult citizens.

I wish to thank you for the opportunity of presenting the views of the American Library Association and its two divisions on H.R. 11823 and urge that favorable action shall be taken upon it.

Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. I have been interested in Miss Gaver's testimony. I have a few brief questions to ask her about title IV of the bill which sets up, as we all know, library training institutes.

I got the impression from your testimony that you were very guardedly critical of the extent to which these institutes might be helpful in improving professional training. I would like to ask you specifically whether you feel that there should be a method by which Federal aid could be allowed to improve graduate programs, special workshops, something other than the institutes provided for in title

IV.

Would you like to expand on your views as to the limitations of the program as now set up in title IV?

Miss GAVER. I am sorry, but I did not mean to be guardedly critical. I assumed that the pattern for the institutes might well have been set by the National Defense Education Act counseling and guidance training institutes and as I understand it, they have been set up so they can be used both for regular session, year-round programs and for short-term summer workshops.

On this basis, speaking for the Graduate School of Library Service at Rutgers, we would see ways by which we would participate in both types of these kinds of programs, and we think they are both needed.

Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. And you feel the provisions in title IV are adequate to provide assistance to the type of programs which you are presently providing, or which you might be able to provide more easily with additional assistance?

Miss GAVER. As we understood it, we think this will provide aid for expansion of an already established graduate library program which we think is the basic essential. We say it would also provide aid for workshops and summer institutes which also have their place and are helpful.

Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. I appreciate that clarification.

Mr. BAILEY. Thank you, Miss Gaver.

Miss GAVER. I thank you for the opportunity of presenting this testimony.

Mr. BAILEY. Mr. Shipman.

STATEMENT OF RICHARD SHIPMAN, ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, LEGISLATIVE SERVICES, NATIONAL FARMERS UNION

Mr. SHIPMAN. I am aware of your call. I would like to submit my statement for the record and say we supported the original act and we are happy to be here to support these amendments. We believe they will be an improvement. We think they are urgent, and we are for them.

(Prepared statement of Mr. Shipman follows:)

STATEMENT OF RICHARD SHIPMAN, NATIONAL FARMERS UNION

Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, my name is Richard Shipman. I am assistant director of legislative services of the National Farmers Union. I appear here this morning as a representative of James G. Patton, president of the National Farmers Union, and speak in behalf of 250,000 farm families who are members of our organization.

National Farmers Union is happy to say that we were among the supporters of the bill which created the Library Services Act in 1956 and we wish now to express strong support for H.R. 11823 to amend and improve the act.

Since its passage the Library Services Act has brought great improvements in library services to rural America. Thirty-six million rural people now have new or improved services. Approximately 115 rural counties and 120 New England towns formerly without public libraries are now receiving this service. More than 8 million books, films, recordings, and other materials have been added to the resources available to rural communities. At least 300 new bookmobiles are making these resources convenient to widely scattered rural people.

But despite this progress, library services have not kept pace with the growth of population in either urban or rural areas. Aside from population growth there are other conditions contributing to the growing needs: Improvements in education, the rise in number of occupations which require information, the increasing amount of leisure time for reading and self-education, and the growing complexity of public issues which require background for intelligent understanding. All these require more books and more library staff.

ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL NEEDS

Man's ever-widening horizon of experience and knowledge has demanded new and higher standards of education. These higher standards of education are in turn requiring a variety of materials which school libraries must provide. More than 10,600,000 schoolchildren attend public elementary and secondary schools with no school libraries. These deficiencies exist in both rural and urban public schools. Title II proposed in H.R. 11823 is part of a plan to bring the Nation's libraries of all types up to realistic standards to meet the needs of our people in the space age.

NEEDS OF LAND-GRANT COLLEGES

Science and technology are rapidly reshaping our world, especially in agriculture, so today more than ever before farm boys and girls need a college education. This will be so whether they choose to stay on the farm or seek a job in the city. So, there will be increasing numbers of farm youth among the 7 million students expected to compose the enrollment of our colleges and universities in 1970. There is already a great lack of essential library materials in our landgrant colleges and other 4-year institutions.

Nearly 60 percent of all libraries lack the books, pamphlets, magazines, and other materials needed to properly serve their student bodies. These gaps will be multiplied many times by 1970 unless these amendments are passed.

LIBRARIES IN JUNIOR AND 4-YEAR COLLEGES

It is our belief that the junior college has great significance for education of farm youth in the future. So we find very disturbing the fact that 87 percent of all 2-year colleges fail to provide the reading materials appropriate for study and research. Both the rapidly growing 2-year, and the 4-year institutions require financial support for immediate needs which is provided in title III. However, this does not keep pace with the future.

In the face of such inadequacies in school and college libraries students turn naturally to the public library, where available. Yet 127.7 million people in rural and urban America have inadequate public libraries or no public libraries at all. The simple fact is that eligibility rules now in the act are a barrier to further progress. Title I of H.R. 11823 provides for lifting the arbitrary population ceiling of 10,000 in order to allow for development of a cooperative lending service between rural towns and larger urban centers. The development of such a network of cooperative lending would bring new depth and strength to the library service.

CITY LIBRARIES BOON TO FARM PEOPLE

Through contracts and other means of cooperation rural libraries would be able to increase their available resources by borrowing books from collections of larger towns and urban centers. But, these latter areas are already overburdened with multiplying populations and the diversified needs of their own communities including children, businessmen, civic officials, parents, the aging, and others. Federal help is therefore necessary to give these urban libraries sufficient resources to serve their own public, but also to lend books to surrounding rural regions. Lifting the population ceiling of 10,000, as provided in the proposed title I of H.R. 11823, will be of great benefit to farm people.

SHORTAGE OF LIBRARIANS

An adequate library service requires not only sufficient books and other reading materials but trained librarians to bring them most effectively into use. The shortage of librarians in areas now served by the Library Services Act is so great that 16 State plans under the present program provide for the training of professional librarians. These programs, however, have failed to meet the shortages existing in rural areas, urban centers, in colleges, universities, and in public school libraries. It is estimated that more than 100,000 trained school librarians alone are needed for public schools. There are approximately 19,000 at present. Federal assistance in the form of short- and long-term institutes is provided in title IV of H.R. 11823 to accelerate the training of professional and semiprofessional library personnel.

Mr. Chairman, in closing let me emphasize the needs are urgent and nationwide in scope, they encompass all types of libraries. Simultaneous development of public, school, and college libraries is necessary because the inadequacies of one create deficiencies for all. We believe H.R. 11823 would provide a coordinated national program to meet the educational, informational, and research requirements of the American people in the space age. We strongly urge its passage.

Mr. BAILEY. Thank you for making this appearance even though it is a brief one. We are glad to know your group is behind this legislation.

The Chair recognizes the staff member for offering for inclusion in the record certain material.

Mr. McCORD. We have a statement from Members of the House of Representatives, all of whom are cosponsors of this legislation, as follows: the Honorable Carl Perkins of Kentucky; the Honorable John E. Fogarty of Rhode Island; the Honorable James Trimble of Arkansas; and the Honorable Eugene J. Keogh of New York.

We have a letter in the form of an official report on the legislation from the Honorable Abraham Ribicoff, Secretary, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; a letter from Richard A. Gibboney, director, Bureau of Curriculum Development, Pennsylvania Department of Public Instruction, and he is speaking in behalf of the superintendent of public instruction; a telegram from Horace S. Moses, president of the Kansas Library Association; a telegram from the Legislative Committee of the Kansas Association of School Librarians; a telegram from the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, AFL-CIO.

Also, a statement from Mr. Ted Ellsworth, administrator of public programs, Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California at Los Angeles; a letter from Mr. Paxton P. Price, State librarian of the Missouri State Library, addressed to the Honorable Morgan M. Moulder, Member of Congress, who asked that it be included in the record; a digest of comments from various public figures on the needs for financial assistance to metropolitan area public libraries; a letter

and accompanying statement from Mr. George J. Hecht, publisher, Parents' magazine and president of the American Parents' Committee, Inc.; a series of excerpts from State reports on programs under the present Library Services Act for the fiscal years 1957-61; a summary of accomplishments under the Library Services Act for fiscal years 1957 through 1961; a statement prepared by Mr. John C. Frantz, library extension specialist, Library Services Branch, U.S. Office of Education, "Public Libraries, in Metropolitan Areas"; a paper by Rose Vainstein, public library specialist, Libraries Services Branch, U.S. Office of Education, entitled "Science and Technology, Their Current Impact on Public Library Resources and Services"; a copy of an article prepared by Miss Mary Helen Mahar, school and children's library specialist, Office of Education, on meeting the new school library standards; a paper prepared by the same Miss Mahar, implementing school library standards.

Also, another paper by Miss Mahar on how the public library and school library supplement and complement each other in providing services for children, youth, and young adults; another paper prepared by the same Miss Mahar, "How Do the New Standards Affect the Quality of School Libraries?"; another paper by Miss Mahar, "Quantitative Standards for Staff Materials, Quarters, and Funds"; another paper by Miss Mahar, "The School Library Serves the Program of Instruction"; an editorial from the Washington (D.C.) Post of May 28, 1962, "Backward Books"; a newspaper column by Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt entitled "The Library Shortage Is Shocking,' taken from the Washington Daily News of April 4, 1962; an excerpt entitled "Books at Any Price," from the Wilson Library Bulletin, May 1959, which was prepared by the Valley of Parks Regional Library, London, Ky.; and a copy of a letter submitted by the Arkansas Library Commission from Mrs. Earl Disheroon, of Carrollton, Ark.; and I would like to have the record show that a booklet will be in the committee files entitled "The Public Library for Lifelong Learning,' a publication of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

Mr. BAILEY. There being no objection, these various briefs will be included in the record at this time.

(The documents referred to follow :)

STATEMENT OF HON. CARL D. PERKINS, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF KENTUCKY

Mr. Chairman, members of the subcommittee, I appreciate very much the opportunity to appear today in support of my bill, H.R. 11979, as well as other identical measures introduced by the chairman and other Members. Especially am I grateful to the chairman for the fact that he has recognized the importance of the legislation by conducting the hearings promptly following the introduction of these bills.

In my judgment, the legislation will make a substantial contribution to the efforts of my State and the counties of my district to furnish library service to all the public, especially in the rural areas and in areas of lagging local economies.

I am advised that my State, under the distribution formulas specified in the bill, will receive $343,324 a year for public library extension services, $536,498 a year for library service in public elementary and secondary schools, and an estimated $141,240 for library service in institutions of higher learning within the State. Not only do I believe that the distribution formulas for the apportionment of funds among the States are sound, but also I am pleased by the

fact that the legislation liberalizes the matching requirements of those States with less ability to match funds as evidenced by relatively lower per capita incomes.

Mr. Chairman, this is most worthwhile legislation. Those of us who actively fought for the original Federal aid to public library extension legislation have been more than vindicated for the criticism we faced at that time from critics of the legislation. With the stimulus afforded by that act of Congress, my State and many counties in my district have made considerable progress in making good books available to the people of many areas who have not had the opportunity for this important source of knowledge and self-education. Since 1953-54, Kentucky's improved library program resulted in an increase of circulation from 2,874,000 to 8,257,000.

At this point, Mr. Chairman, it would be a serious oversight on my part not to forcefully call public attention to the devoted, sincere, and effective efforts on the part of many private citizens, public servants, and librarians in Kentucky who have substantially contributed to the large degree of success we in Kentucky have made toward beginning to supply the library needs of the people in rural and relatively remote areas. With the permission of the chairman, I would urge the subcommittee to clear this legislation for action by the full committee and the full membership of the House at the first practical date. I would like to conclude my remarks with the chairman's permission by reading to the members of the subcommittee a letter from Miss Margaret Willis to me dated March 7, 1962, in which Miss Willis very clearly shows the tremendous beneficial effect that the Library Services Act has had on Kentucky's public library program and sets forth sound and compelling reasons for the enactment of legislation of the nature now before the subcommittee.

STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN E. FOGARTY, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND

My deep and abiding commitment to the importance of library service is well known. If the goal of excellence in education is to be achieved, good libraries with well-trained librarians are absolutely essential. I have followed closely the various activities by the States under the present Library Services Act. This program is having an impressive success in helping to bring library service to the millions of rural Americans who formerly had no public library of any kind. Rhode Island began participation in the act in 1958 and since that time 43 rural community libraries have received benefits under the Rhode Island State plan. These include grants of books, advisory services, centralized book processing, and inservice training opportunities. A 1961 report from the State shows that the number of books loaned from these libraries nearly doubled since 1956 and that the amount of local financial support for public libraries increased 95 percent during the same period. This continued financial effort which the local communities are making is significant evidence of the success of the Library Services Act as a partnership program in which the Federal Government shares with State and local governments the responsibility of financing good library service.

It is, in fact, the success of the present Library Services Act which has revealed the serious library needs yet to be met. The stimulus provided by the Library Services Act, the increased use of library facilities by people of all ages, and the new demand for more and more information by those engaged in both formal and informal education have combined to reveal the serious deficiences which exist in libraries of all kinds.

The present Library Services Act is limited to aiding only public libraries, and only those located in communities of under 10,000 population. This was, and still is, a highly important goal, but this is only a small part of a much larger problem. Library service as we have known it in the past simply will not meet the needs of our citizens in the years that lie ahead. The changes now taking place and those which can already be foreseen will call for important adjustments in the traditional patterns of library organization and distribution. We are going to have many more people, particularly more young people, and older citizens, and they will have more formal education and more leisure time. Those increases in the labor force which are now occurring most rapidly are those in the professional and technical fields where demands for research information and resources are straining the facilities of all our libraries.