Sources: BP Statistical Review, 1992 and World Resources 1992-93. Tr= traditional (woodfuel, crop residues and animal dung): Cocoal; Oi = Oil: NG - natural gas: EF = total fossils: Al = alternatives (nuclear. hydro, wind, geothermal, etc.) (all % of total energy); Ener = tɔtai energy; (M)toe = (million) tons of oil equivalent: popul population: GNP gross national product in 1989. Western Europe = OECD Europe (includes Turkey); Eastern Europe = non-OECD Europe (includes Cyprus. Gibraltar and Malta): JANZ = Japan, Australia and New Zealand. Source: Van Ettinger (1994), p.12. Figure 7.1 Schematic overview of available options to counter the greenhouse effect and their possible feedbacks Figure 7.2 Options for CO2 emission reduction Cost) 6 688 3 8 88 5 Expenses (10' ECU/year) 0 10 20 30 40 CO2 emission reduction in EU 12) Source: TNO, 1992, p.5. Figure 7.3 Marginal costs of CO2 emission reduction $600 $500 Marginal cost of CO2 feduction (US$/t CO2)A 400 300 200 $100 USA 0 Source: Kram, 1994a, p. xiv References Abdel-Khalek, G., 1988. Income and Price Elasticities of Energy Consumption in Egypt: A Time Series Analysis. Energy Economics, 10(1), 47-57. Adams, R.M., D.M. Adams, C.C. Chang, B.A. McCarl, and J.M. Callaway, 1993. Sequestering carbon on agricultural land: A preliminary analysis of social cost and impacts on timber markets, Contemporary Policy Issues XI. [IS THERE AN ORIGINATING INSTITUTION AND PLACE OR PUBLISHER AND PLACE THAT WE CAN ADD TO THIS?] Asaduzzaman, M., 1994. Energy savings potentials, issues and constraints, Paper presented at the international conference on Joint Implementation, Groningen, 13 June 1994. C.J. Jepma (ed.), 1995, The Feasibility of Joint Implementation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, fortheeming. Asian Development Bank, 1994. Climate Change in Asia: Bangladesh, Country Ayres, R.U. and J. Walter, 1991. The Greenhouse Effect: Damages, Costs and Abatement. Environmental and Resource Economics, 1, 237-270. Baldwin, S.F., 1986. Biomass Stoves: Engineering Design, Development, and Barnett, A., 1990. The Diffusion of Energy Technology in the Rural Areas of Developing Countries: A Synthesis of Recent Experience, World Development, 18(4), [PAGES?]. Benedick, R.E., 1991. Ozone Diplomacy, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Blok, K., C. Hendriks, and W.C. Turkenburg, 1989. The Role of Carbon Dioxide Removal in the Reduction of the Greenhouse Effect. Energy Technologies for Reducing Emissions of Greenhouse Gases - Proceedings of an Experts' Seminar, Volume 2, 135-156, IEA/OECD, Paris. Blok, K., J. Farla, C. Hendriks, and W. Turkenburg, 1991. Carbon Dioxide Removal: A Review, Paper presented at the International Symposium on Environmentally Sound Energy Technologies and their Transfer to Developing |