Page images
PDF
EPUB

root with weak secondary roots which are usually associated with a short hypocotyl; (ii) a malformed hypocotyl which may be shortened or thickened; (iii) a thickened and shortened hypocotyl and roots owing to injury from chemical treatment, provided the injury is still apparent in a soil or sand check test; (iv) decayed cotyledons or other essential seedling structures, provided the decay was not the result of improper test conditions; or (v) various combinations of the abnormalities described in this subparagraph.

[20 F. R. 7933, Oct. 21, 1955]

§ 201.56-5 Grass family (Gramineae). Kinds of seed: Bentgrasses, bluegrasses, bluestems, bromes, cereals, fescues, millets, orchard grass, redtop, ryegrass, sorghum, timothy, wheatgrass, and all other grasses listed in § 201.1 (h). In the grass family a perfect seedling should have a well-developed primary root system, an intact cotyledon or scutellum, seed free from serious decay and long, well-developed green leaves within the coleoptile. One or more leaves may have broken through the coleoptile by the end of the test period.

(a) Barley, oats, rye, and wheat. (1) Normal seedlings include those that have: (i) At least one primary or seminal root, but preferably two or three seminal roots, provided the shoot is welldeveloped and the grain is not badly decayed; (ii) well-developed green leaves, not badly split, regardless of whether the coleoptiles are split; (iii) spiral twisting or bending of the shoot, provided it is green in color, has normal length, and is not frost damaged; or (iv) slight infection by fungi, provided none of the essential seedling structures have been damaged.

(2) Abnormal seedlings include those that have: (i) No primary root, (11) only one or two short or spindly seminal roots which are usually accompanied by weakened shoots and decayed grains; (iii) no green leaves, but only the white sheath or coleoptile formed, which may or may not be grainy, spirally twisted, split, or shortened; (iv) a shortened shoot, extending no more than one-half the way up through the coleoptile; (v) a thin, spindly, or watery shoot usually accompanied by weak root development and decayed grains; (vi) badly shattered or longitudinally split leaves, with or without splitting of the coleoptile; (vii) thickened and shortened shoot (leaves

and coleoptile) often the result of overtreatment of seed with chemicals; (viii) decayed shoots (usually weak and show decay near the point of attachment to the grain which has often decayed) provided the decay is not the result of improper test conditions; (ix) bad frostdamage characterized by grainy coleoptiles and spirally twisted leaves and coleoptiles; (x) coleoptiles developed without the leaves (in soil tests, some of the longest of the spirally twisted seedlings will appear fairly strong but most of them break off just above the attachment of the plumule and coleoptile to the grain; the shortest of the seedlings do not emerge in soil tests); or (xi) various combinations of the abnormalities described in this subparagraph.

(b) Rice. (1) Normal seedlings inIclude those that have: (i) One primary root, usually with numerous lateral roots (several permanent roots arising from the first node should be present if seedlings are not removed until the end of the test); (ii) well-developed green leaves, not badly split, regardless of whether the coleoptiles are split; or (ii) slight infection by fungi, provided none of the essential seedling structures have been damaged.

(2) Abnormal seedlings include those that have: (i) No roots; (ii) a spindly primary root with very little or no branching or secondary development; (iii) no green leaves, but only the white sheath or coleoptile; (iv) a spindly and sometimes watery shoot which is usually associated with decay of the rice grain; (v) a short leaf, extending no more than one-half the distance up through the coleoptile; (vi) shattered or longitudinally split plumules with or without splitting of the coleoptile; (vii) decayed plumules (usually appear weak and show decay near the point of attachment to the grain) provided the decay is not the result of improper test conditions; or (viii) various combinations of the abnormalities described in this subparagraph.

(c) Corn. (1) Normal seedlings include those that have: (1) One primary root, usually with secondary roots present; (ii) no primary root, but with at least two vigorous secondary roots, provided the grain is not badly decayed, and the shoot is well-developed; (iii) welldeveloped green leaves, not badly split, regardless of whether the coleoptiles are split; (iv) twisted and curled shoots bound by the tough seedcoat, provided

the shoot is not decayed; or (v) slight infection by fungi, provided none of the essential seedling structures have been damaged.

no

(2) Abnormal seedlings include those that have: (i) No primary or secondary roots; (ii) no primary roots but small and weak secondary roots; (iii) plumule, but only the white sheath or coleoptile; (iv) a shortened plumule, extending no more than one-half the way up through the coleoptile; (v) a thickened and shortened shoot, often the result of overtreatment of seed with chemicals; (vi) a spindly and pale shoot usually associated with moldy seeds; (vii) albino (entirely white) seedlings, which will not develop into plants because of lack of chlorophyll; (viii) shattered or longitudinally split leaves, with or without splitting of the coleoptile; (ix) decayed shoots of which the plumules usually appear weak and show decay near the point of attachment to the grain and the scutellum is usually rotten, provided the decay is not the result of improper test conditions; or (x) various combinations of the abnormalities described in this subparagraph.

(d) Sorghum spp. (1) Normal seedlings include those that have (1) one vigorous primary root, usually with welldeveloped lateral branches by the end of the test period; (ii) short primary root, but with at least two vigorous lateral roots; (iii) well-developed green leaves not badly split, regardless of whether coleoptiles are split; (iv) slight infection by fungi, provided none of the essential seedling structures have been damaged; (v) red coloration on the roots and on the coleoptile of the shoot, caused by natural pigments, provided the seedling is otherwise normal.

(2) Abnormal seedlings include those that have (1) no roots; (ii) weak, spindly, or short primary root, and less than two vigorous lateral roots (often associated with decay of the grain); (iii) no plumule, but only the sheath or coleoptile; (iv) a shortened plumule, extending no more than one-half the way up through the coleoptile; (v) & spindly, pale plumule, usually associated with moldy seeds; (vi) shattered and longitudinally split plumules, with or without splitting of the coleoptile; (vii) decayed plumules, provided the decay is not due to improper testing conditions (the plumules usually appear weak and show decay near the point of attachment of the grain, which is usually decayed); or (viii) various

combinations of the abnormalities described.

(e) Grasses and millets. (1) Normal seedlings include those that have: (i) A well-developed primary root, usually with root hairs; (ii) well-developed green leaves, not badly split, regardless of whether the coleoptiles are split; (iii) slight infection by fungi, provided none of the essential seedling structures have been damaged; (iv) spirally coiled roots held within the tightly enveloping glumes as in certain samples of Bermuda grass; or (v) poor root development resulting from injury caused by use of a potassium nitrate solution (if many roots are so affected, a retest should be made on top of soil in closed Petri dishes).

(2) Abnormal seedlings include those that have: (i) No root; (ii) a weak, stubby, or spindly root, usually short and watery, associated with a decayed seed; (iii) no plumule, but only the white sheath or coleoptile which is often short and thick; (iv) a shortened plumule, extending only one-half the distance up through the coleoptile; (v) a spindly plumule, usually pale and watery; (vi) a shattered longitudinally split plumule with or without splitting of the coleoptile; (vii) decayed plumules, provided the decay is not the result of improper test conditions (the plumules usually appear weak and show decay near the point of attachment to the seed, which is usually rotten); or (viii) various combinations of the abnormalities described in this subparagraph.

[20 FR. 7933, Oct. 21, 1955, as amended at 24 F.R. 3954, May 15, 1959, 30 F.R. 7891, June 18, 1965]

§ 201.56-6 Legume or

(Leguminosae).

pea family

Kinds of seed: Alfalfa, alyceclover, asparagusbean, beans (Phaseolus spp.), beggarweed, black medic, broadbean, bur-clovers, button-clover, chickpea, clovers (Trifolium spp.), cowpea, crotalarias, crownvetch, guar, hairy indigo, kudzu, lentil, lespedezas, lupines, peas, peanut, rough pea sainfoin, sesbania, sourclover, soybean, sweetclover, trefoils, velvetbean, and vetches.

(a) Beans: adzuki, field, garden, lima, and mung. Seedling interpretation for all these beans is similar as they all have the same type of development.

(1) Normal seedlings include those that have: (i) a terminal bud or epicotyl, and at least one primary leaf, with one complete cotyledon or two broken cotyle

dons with half or more of the original cotyledon tissue remaining attached to the seedling; (ii) a primary root or adventitious or secondary roots sufficient to anchor the seedling when grown in soil or sand, provided the hypocotyl is approximately of normal length; (iii) a fairly well-developed hypocotyl with no prominent breaks or deep lesions (Healed breaks, sometimes referred to as knees, are to be considered as normal, provided the seedling is not spindly); (iv) spirally twisted and curled roots and hypocotyl held within the tough seedcoat, causing delayed development, but are otherwise normal; (v) slight infection caused by fungi or bacteria, provided the essential structures have not been seriously damaged and appear to be able to carry on their normal functions at the time of evaluation. (If a few seedlings with total or partial decay of the plumule are found, they may be counted as normal, provided the hypocotyl and root are welldeveloped. The plumules on such seedlings usually do not decay when grown under greenhouse conditions where the cotyledons open up naturally and are exposed to a dry environment and sunlight. However, if there are many seedlings with decayed plumules in a test, a retest should be made and such seedlings evaluated cautiously).

(2) Abnormal seedlings include those that have: (i) No primary leaves or terminal bud (baldheads); (ii) no primary leaves, but with a terminal bud (snakeheads or partial baldheads); (iii) no primary leaves, but terminal bud present and axillary buds in one or both of the cotyledons (partial baldheads); (iv) part of one cotyledon or two broken cotyledons with less than half the original tissue remaining attached; (v) a malformed hypocotyl, which may be characterized by open splits, or one that appears curled, shortened, or thickened; (vi) no primary root or well-developed set of adventitious or secondary roots; or various combinations of the abnormalities described in this subparagraph.

(b) Broadbean, runner bean, velvetbean, chickpea, field pea, garden pea, roughpea, lentil, and vetches. In this group a perfectly normal seedling should have a well-formed root, with or without secondary or adventitious development, a strong epicotyl with fairly long stem, a well-developed epicotyl with the leaves and terminal bud intact, and attached cotyledons.

(1) Normal seedlings include those that have: (i) A primary root or a set of secondary or adventitious roots sufficient to anchor the seedling when grown in soil or sand, provided the stem is not badly shortened; (ii) a fairly well-developed stem with no prominent breaks or deep lesions which might interfere with the conducting tissues; (iii) a terminal bud with at least one first leaf and an intact growing point; (iv) two shoots, provided the seedling appears vigorous and at least one of the shoots has a normal epicotyl and root; (v) slight infection by fungi, provided the essential seedling parts have not been seriously damaged and appear to be able to carry on their normal functions at the time of evaluation; or (vi) at least one complete cotyledon or two broken cotyledons with half or more of the cotyledon tissue remaining attached to the seedling.

(2) Abnormal seedlings include those that have: (i) No primary root or welldeveloped secondary or adventitious roots; (ii) a malformed stem, which may be characterized by severe open splits, and curled, shortened, or thickened development; (iii) no epicotyl, or an epicotyl without the terminal bud; (iv) two shoots both of which appear weak and spindly, often partially broken away from the cotyledons; (v) decay caused by the spread of organisms from the cotyledons of the developing seedling; (vi) part of one cotyledon or two broken cotyledons with less than half of the cotyledon tissue remaining attached; or (vii) various combinations of the abnormalities described.

(c) Cowpeas, lupines, peanuts, soybeans and asparagusbeans. A completely normal seedling of the above-mentioned kinds should have a well-formed root with or without secondary or adventitious roots, a strong and fairly long hypocotyl with two attached and open cotyledons, two well-developed primary leaves, and an intact terminal bud or epicotyl.

(1) Normal seedlings include those that have: (i) A primary root or a set of secondary or adventitious roots sufficient to anchor the seedling when grown in soil or sand, provided the hypocotyl is normal; (ii) a fairly well-developed hypocotyl with no prominent breaks or deep lesions which might interfere with the conducting tissues; (iii) a plumule with at least one leaf and an intact growing point; or (iv) slight infection by

[blocks in formation]

(2) Abnormal seedlings include those that have: (i) No primary root or no well-developed secondary or adventitious roots; (ii) a malformed hypocotyl which may be curled, shortened, or thickened or have severe open splits; (iii) no epicotyl, or one without the growing point, with or without leaves; (iv) decayed epicotyl, provided the decay has spread from the rotted cotyledons of the developing seedling; or (v) various combinations of the abnormalities described in this subparagraph.

(d) Alfalfa, alyceclover, beggarweed, black medic, burclovers, buttonclover, clovers, crotalarias, crownvetch, guar, hairy indigo, kidzu, lespedezas, sainfoin, sesbania, sourclover, sweetclovers, trefoils. By the end of the germination test a perfectly normal seedling should have a long, slender root, usually with root hairs, a long hypocotyl, two attached cotyledons which have opened, and an intact epicotyl or growing point.

(1) Normal seedlings include those that have: (i) A long, slender root, usually with root hairs; (ii) slightly stubby roots on blotter tests of sweetclovers, provided the seedling is otherwise normal; (iii) roots slightly stubby from being held back by the attached seedcoat, provided the seedling is otherwise normal; (iv) short splits on the roots, provided the split does not extend into the central conducting tissues of the hypocotyl, and provided further that root hairs are present and the seedling is normal in other respects; (v) a long, well-developed hypocotyl which may have slight cracks or breaks, provided they do not extend into the conducting tissues; (vi) at least one cotyledon, provided the epicotyl is also present; or (vii) slight infection by fungi, provided none of the essential seeding structures have been damaged.

(2) Abnormal seedlings include those that have: (i) Stubby roots, usually associated with shortened hypocotyl; (ii) longitudinal, deep splits on the roots, extending into the conducting tissues of the hypocotyls; (iii) deep cracks or breaks in the hypocotyl which extend into the conducting tissues; (iv) both cotyledons broken off; (v) one cotyledon broken off if the epicotyl is also

absent; (v) rotted cotyledons, provided the decay did not spread to the seedling from an adjacent seed or was not the result of improper test conditions; (vii) A spindly, watery hypocotyl, provided it is not the result of excess moisture in the substrata (usually seedlings of this type have one or more abnormalities of the essential structures, such as broken cotyledons or deep splits in the hypocotyl); or (viii) various combinations of the abnormalities described in this subparagraph.

[20 FR 7934, Oct. 21, 1955, as amended at 22 FR 4911, July 12, 1957; 25 FR 8772, Sept. 13, 1960; 30 FR 7891, June 18, 1965; 32 FR 12781, Sept. 6, 1967]

§ 201.56-7 Lily family (Liliaceae).

Kinds of seed: Asparagus, chives, leek, onion, and Welsh onion.

(a) Chives, onion, Welsh onion, and leek. By the end of the test period a perfectly normal onion or leek seedling should have a long, slender root with a thickened area where it is joined to the hypocotyl, and a long, green cotyledon with a definite loop or bend, often referred to as the "knee".

(1) Normal seedlings include those that have: (i) A well-developed, long, slender root, with or without root hairs; (ii) a long, green, leaf-like cotyledon, with a well-developed bend or "knee" or (iii) slight infection by fungi, provided none of the essential seedling structures have been damaged.

(2) Abnormal seedlings include those that have: (i) A thickened hypocotyl with no root, or a stubby root, (ii) a very short cotyledon associated with a poorly developed root, (iii) a poorly developed leaf-like cotyledon without a definite bend or "knee", (iv) a spindly, watery cotyledon, often associated with slowness in sprouting, and one or more other abnormalities, (v) a rotted cotyledon, provided the decay is not the result of improper test conditions, or (vi) various combinations of the abnormalities described in this subparagraph.

(b) Asparagus. By the end of the test period a normal asparagus seedling should have a long, slender root, a fairly long epicotyl, an intact terminal bud, and the seedling should not be broken away from the cotyledon.

(1) Normal seedlings include those that have: (i) A long, slender root; (ii) a long, well-developed epicotyl with terminal growing point; (iii) the cotyledon

attached to the seedling; or (iv) slight infestation by fungi, provided none of the essential seedling structures have been damaged.

(2) Abnormal seedlings include those that have: (i) No root, or a very stubby root with weak secondary root development; (ii) a malformed epicotyl, which may be thickened, shortened, or twisted; (iii) no terminal growing point or bud; (iv) cotyledon broken away from the seedling; (v) decayed epicotyl, provided the decay is not the result of improper test conditions; or (vi) various combinations of the abnormalities described in this subparagraph.

[20 FR 7935, Oct. 21, 1955, as amended at 25 FR 8772, Sept. 13, 1960; 26 FR 10035, Oct. 26, 1961]

§ 201.56-8 Flax family (Linaceae).

(a) Kind of seed: Flax.

(b) By the end of the germination test a normal flax seedling should have a well-developed primary root, a long hypocotyl, two intact cotyledons, and a small epicotyl.

(1) Normal seedlings include those that have: (i) A long, slender root, usually with root hairs; (ii) a short or stubby primary root, provided secondary root development is strong and the hypocotyl is of normal length or approximately so; (iii) a long, well-developed hypocotyl with no breaks or lesions extending into the conducting tissues; (iv) at least one attached cotyledon, provided the epicotyl is not injured; (v) variously broken or cracked cotyledons, provided the other seedling parts appear normal; or (vi) slight infection by fungi, provided none of the essential seedling structures have been damaged.

(2) Abnormal seedlings include those that have: (i) A stubby or no primary root, provided the secondary root development is weak, a condition usually assoIciated with a shortened hypocotyl; (ii) a malformed hypocotyl, which may be twisted, thickened, or shortened; (iii) deep cracks or lesions on the hypocotyl, extending into the conducting tissues; (iv) both cotyledons broken off; (v) one cotyledon broken off if the epicotyl is also injured (vi) decayed cotyledons or other essential seedling structures, proIvided the decay is not the result of improper test conditions; or (vii) various combinations of the abnormalities described in this subparagraph.

[20 FR 7935, Oct. 21, 1955]

§ 201.56-9 Mallow family (Malvaceae). (a) Kinds of seed: Cotton and okra. (b) By the end of the germination test a perfectly normal seedling should have a long, well-developed root with root hairs, a long hypocotyl, two attached green leaflike cotyledons, and a small epicotyl.

(1) Normal seedlings include those that have: (i) A well-developed, long, slender root, usually with root hairs; (ii) no primary root but strong secondary roots, provided the hypocotyl is of normal or approximately normal length; (iii) a long, well-developed hypocotyl with no breaks or deep grainy lesions which might interfere with the conducting tissues; (iv) at least one cotyledon and intact epicotyl; (v) slight infection by fungi, provided none of the essential seedling structures have been damaged; or (vi) yellowish hypocotyls or roots of cotton which may appear diseased, provided the cotyledons are free of infection (the seedcoat must be peeled back on young seedlings to determine this condition of the cotyledons).

(2) Abnormal seedlings include those that have: (i) No root or very stubby roots, usually associated with a shortened hypocotyl; (ii) stubby roots and a from thickened hypocotyl resulting chemical treatment of seed, such as often occurs on delinted cottonseed; (iii) malformed hypocotyl, which may be curled, thickened, or shortened; (iv) deep cracks or grainy lesions on the hypocotyl which appear to interfere with the conducting tissues; (v) epicotyl absent, even though one or both cotyledons are attached; (vi) decayed cotyledons and hypocotyl, provided the decay did not spread from another seed or was not the result of improper test conditions; or (vii) various combinations of the abnormalities described in this subparagraph. [20 FR 7935, Oct. 21, 1955] § 201.56-10

biaceae).

Spurge family (Euphor

Kind of seed: Caster bean.

(a) Normal seedlings include those that have:

(1) A primary root or a set of secondary or adventitious roots sufficient to anchor the seeding when grown in soil or sand, provided the hypocotyl is not badly shortened;

(2) A fairly well-developed hypocotyl with no prominent breaks or stem lesions

« PreviousContinue »