Environmental Soil BiologySpringer Science & Business Media, 1995 M08 31 - 150 pages Environmental considerations are playing an increasingly important role in determining management strategies for soil and land. Many important environmental issues involve aspects of the biology of soil, and these issues cannot be considered satisfactorily in isolation from a general understanding of soil biology as a whole. This is the second edition of a book first published in 1989 and now thoroughly rewritten to focus on soil ecology and environmental issues. The first part of the book provides an introduction to soils, its inhabitants, and their activities. The second part covers the influence of man on the natural cycles of soil. Topics such as acid rain and nitrogen fertilizers are considered alongside pesticides and genetically modified organisms. A new final chapter has been added which considers how, as we move towards the next millennium, we can apply the concept of sustainability to issues such as global climate change and farming systems. The book is directed at advanced undergraduate and immediate postgraduate students in environmental science and soil ecology, with students of physical geography and earth sciences as an important secondary market. |
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Contents
Soil as a habitat for organisms | 1 |
121 Inorganic material | 2 |
122 Organic matter | 5 |
123 Soil structure | 7 |
125 Soil atmosphere | 10 |
126 Temperature | 11 |
127 Summary | 12 |
Life in the soil | 13 |
43 Weathering of rock | 67 |
44 Organic matter | 71 |
442 Effects of seasonal change | 75 |
443 Effects of soil conditions | 78 |
444 Role of earthworms | 79 |
445 Role of termites | 80 |
446 Food webs | 82 |
45 Profile development | 84 |
23 The soil inhabitants | 15 |
232 Viruses | 17 |
233 Bacteria and actinomycetes | 18 |
234 Fungi | 23 |
235 Cyanobacteria and algae | 24 |
237 Nematodes | 25 |
238 Earthworms | 26 |
239 Arthropods | 28 |
2310 Molluscs | 29 |
24 Plant roots | 30 |
242 Plant root pathogens | 31 |
243 Legume root nodules | 32 |
244 Actinorhizas | 34 |
245 Agrobacterium | 35 |
246 Mycorrhizas | 36 |
247 Rootknot nematodes | 40 |
Biological processes in soil | 41 |
322 Nitrogen | 44 |
33 Selected biochemical processes | 45 |
332 Nitrification | 47 |
333 Denitrification | 48 |
334 Sulphur oxidation | 50 |
34 Soil enzymes | 51 |
341 Carbohydruses | 53 |
344 Oxidoreductases | 54 |
35 Sources of substrates for heterotrophs | 55 |
351 Amounts of substrates | 58 |
352 Survival strategies | 59 |
36 Substrate quality | 61 |
361 Elemental composition | 62 |
37 Microbial biomass and nutrient cycling | 64 |
38 Summary | 65 |
Soil formation and development | 66 |
451 Role of microorganisms | 86 |
452 Role of mesofauna and macrofauna | 88 |
453 Role of plant roots | 89 |
454 Role of vegetation | 92 |
46 The influence of man | 94 |
Environmental issues | 98 |
521 Aluminium toxicity | 99 |
522 Protected microsites | 100 |
523 Acid rain | 101 |
53 Salinity | 103 |
54 Heavy metals | 104 |
55 Chernobyl and radioactivity | 106 |
56 Nitrate leaching | 108 |
561 Inhibitors of N transformations | 110 |
571 Side effects | 111 |
572 Recalcitrant compounds | 115 |
581 Introductions of nonengineered organisms | 116 |
582 Genetically modified organisms | 117 |
583 Risk assessment | 119 |
Soil biology into the next millennium | 122 |
63 Environmental quality | 123 |
631 Use of nonrenewable resources | 125 |
632 Soil quality | 127 |
633 Soils subsoils and water quality | 128 |
64 Soils and global climate change | 130 |
65 Biodiversity | 132 |
651 Effects of management practice | 134 |
653 Ecotoxicology | 135 |
66 Sustainable agricultural systems | 137 |
67 Man and the Earth | 139 |
141 | |
147 | |
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Common terms and phrases
accumulate acid soils actinomycetes activity anaerobic atmosphere bacteria bacterial population bacterium biodiversity biological biomass burrows C:N ratio carbon cell chapter chemical colonisation compounds concentration contain crop decomposition decrease degradation denitrification earthworms ecosystems effects electron energy environment enzymes estimated example factors fertiliser Figure forest formation functional groups fungal fungi fungus g m2 genes grassland growth heavy metals humus hyphae important increase infection inorganic input of organic leaching legumes lignin litter Lumbricus terrestris major microbial biomass microorganisms mineralisation mycorrhizas N₂ fixation nematodes nitrification nitrogenase nodules numbers of bacteria nutrients occur oxidation oxidised pathogens pedogenesis pesticides phosphate plant material plant roots plasmid pores processes production protozoa range reaction reduced respiration rhizobia Rhizobium rhizosphere role root hairs soil organic matter soil particles soil surface soluble species spores substrate Table temperate temperature termites tropical turnover uptake water potential