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to the "Specialists" already mentioned, are Master of Education, Advanced Master of Education, and Advanced Master of Arts in Education.

The degree of "Graduate" was formerly given in at least 17 different fields, as listed in chapter VIII, but currently is reported by only one institution each in the fields of Social Work, Dentistry, Agricul ture, Architecture, Law, and Nursing.

Degrees of Diplomat, Fellow, and Philosopher, each in 13 fields are also listed in chapter VIII, but they have been offered only by institutions characterized as "Spurious" (See chapter VI) and have no standing whatever in the academic world.

A few other degrees of special or unusual designation will be found by an examination of the lists in chapter VIII, but they do not exist with sufficient frequency or importance to warrant special comment here.

Chapter III

Types of Institutions

OR MANY STATISTICAL PURPOSES the U.S. Office of Education classifies institutions of higher education into seven types and two methods of control-publicly controlled and privately controlled. This chapter will be devoted to brief summaries of significant information concerning degrees, derived from the replies furnished by these seven different types of institutions, totalling 2,029, to the questionnaire described in chapter I.

After adjustments for branch institutions and other minor details, the replies to the questionnaire (and supplementary information from catalogs of nonreplying institutions) were analyzed in the groups shown in table 2.

Table 2.-Summary, by Control and Type, of Institutions Furnishing Information on Academic Degrees

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It is not profitable to attempt to summarize the degree-granting practices of the 143 institutions classified as universities. These institutions, with their complex forms of organization, their numerous professional and graduate schools, and their marked and continuing differentiation of curricula to meet the needs of the thousands of students of all levels on their campuses, are chiefly responsible for the great variety of degrees reported in later chapters.

One institution, University of Illinois, reports more than 200 such degrees currently offered; two other institutions, over 100 each; and many others, from 50 to 100 each. Variations in abbreviations used for this diversity of degrees is even greater than variations in the degrees themselves.

Practically all of these universities give the Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science, the Master of Arts and Master of Science degrees, with their numerous and often bewildering subdivisions as indicated in Chapter VIII. Most of them also offer the Doctor of Philosophy degree and many, the Doctor of Education degree.

Honorary degrees are conferred by more than three-fourths of the universities, but 28 of those publicly controlled and six under private control report no use of honorary degrees.

2. Liberal Arts Colleges

This group of 753 liberal arts colleges, the largest number in any group of higher educational institutions analyzed, shows somewhat definite tendencies regarding the more common academic degrees. Eighty of them, or 11 percent of the total number (publicly controlled, 16; privately controlled, 64), confer associate's degrees, three-quarters of which are the Associate in Arts.

Most of the liberal arts colleges give both the Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees, but seven report use of the Bachelor of Science only and 115 of the Bachelor of Arts only. A considerable number give also the degrees of Bachelor of Music, Bachelor of Music Education, and Bachelor of Business Administration.

Two hundred and nine liberal arts colleges, or 28 percent of the total number (publicly controlled, 42; privately controlled, 167) report use of the master's degree, chiefly the Master of Arts or Master of Science. Twenty-eight liberal arts colleges or 4 percent of the total number, offer earned doctor's degrees, two-thirds of these being the Doctor of Philosophy.

More than half of the liberal arts colleges (58 percent) confer honorary degrees, those most frequently used being Doctor of Laws and Doctor of Divinity. Eight of these institutions, of specialized types, report that they confer no degrees of any kind.

3. Teachers Colleges

Of the 200 teachers colleges, 20, or 10 percent, confer associate's degrees.

The bachelor's degrees most often given are the Bachelor of Science, by 107 institutions, and Bachelor of Science in Education, by 121; Bachelor of Arts, 93, and Bachelor of Arts in Education, 20; and Bachelor of Music, 20; and Bachelor of Music Education, 18.

More than three-quarters of these colleges also give master's degrees, most frequently the Master of Arts, 35, and Master of Arts in Education, 16; Master of Science, 34, and Master of Science in Education, 33; and Master of Education, 34.

Only three teachers colleges report offering doctor's degrees, all the Doctor of Education and one the Doctor of Philosophy also.

Only 21 (10 percent) of the teachers colleges report conferring honorary degrees, the Doctor of Laws being most frequent, by 8 institutions.

4. Independent Technological Institutions

Of the 58 independent technical institutions reporting, seven confer the associate's degree. Most of them give the Bachelor of Science degree, as well as the Master of Science degree, but usually in various engineering fields, such as Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, or in Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, or Metallurgical Engineering. In about a third of the institutions these degrees are without the word "Science"-Bachelor of Civil Engineering, Bachelor of Chemical Engineering, etc. The same is true for the master's degree, awarded in these same fields by most of the independent technological institutions. Fourteen of these institutions confer the Doctor of Philosophy and three the Doctor of Science as earned degrees.

Twenty-four or 42 percent of them (publicly controlled, 11; privately controlled, 13) confer honorary degrees.

The national service academies formerly conferred no degrees, but this situation has changed in the past quarter century so that they now all give the degree of Bachelor of Science. In a series of Public Laws enacted by Congress between 1933 and 1954, seven Federal institutions were authorized to grant Bachelor of Science, and in two cases, Master of Science degrees. Bachelor of Science degrees were first granted by the U.S. Naval Academy and U.S. Military Academy, in 1933; by the U.S. Coast Guard Academy in 1941; by the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in 1946; and by the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy in 1949.1 The right to confer these degrees was made retroactive for all qualified living graduates of these institutions and under this provision

1 Jennings B. Sanders, "The Granting of Academic Degrees by Federal Institutions," Higher Education, 11: 130–134, May 1955.

many earlier graduates of these Federal institutions have received the same degrees.

5. Theological Institutions

The 175 independent theological institutions included in this study are classified as theological seminaries, 92; Bible colleges, 29; and other types, 54. All are privately controlled.

Eleven of these institutions report use of the associate's degree. The most frequently conferred degree is the Bachelor of Divinity, given by 81 institutions. Bachelor of Arts is given by 45; Bachelor of Theology by 26; Bachelor of Religious Education by 12; and Bachelor of Sacred Music by 11.

Master of Theology is awarded by 30; Master of Religious Education by 29; and Master of Sacred Theology by 14.

The Doctor of Theology is given by 16, and the Doctor of Philosophy by 8 of the institutions.

As an honorary degree, the Doctor of Divinity is given by 37 institutions, the only honorary degree given by 24 of them.

6. Other Professional Schools

Under this heading are grouped six varieties of specialized institutions as follows:

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Because of their diverse nature, this group of institutions have little in common as far as degrees are concerned. Fifteen of them, 12 in the business group, confer associate's degrees. Eleven of them give no degrees of any kind. The most frequent degrees found in the different groups are the Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Music Education; Bachelor of Business Administration and Master of Business Administration; Bachelor of Fine Arts, Master of Fine Arts, and Bachelor of Architecture; and Bachelor of Laws and Master of Laws.

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