17 Not an academic degree, but preparation for State examination often given in Schools of Business. 9. Dentistry In 1841, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, the first dental school in the world, conferred the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery, (D.D.S.) on two graduates. On the diplomas in Latin the degree was Chirurgiae Dentium Doctoris, but the English equivalent was used in all other relations. Even the commonly used abbreviation was not Ch. D.D., but D.D.S. This was the first use of this degree by an educational institution. But earlier the American Society of Dental Surgeons formally sanctioned the use of the title "Dental Surgeon" and conferred upon its members the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery, abbreviated as D.D.S. In 1869 the newly established Dental School of Harvard University, the first dental school to be connected with a university, decided on the degree of Dentariae Medicinae Doctoris, Doctor of Dental Medicine, (D.M.D.) as the more appropriate degree for its graduates.18 It may be noted that the Association of American Universities in 1924 adopted unanimously the recommendations of its Committee on Higher Academic and Professional Degrees regarding degrees to be conferred in Dentistry. The Committee recommended the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery as preferable to the Doctor of Dental Science, although its chairman suggested Doctor of Dental Medicine as preferable to either.19 It will be noted in the list below that the great majority of dental schools follow the recommendation for use of Doctor of Dental Surgery. Below are listed the 18 degrees classified in table 10 in the field of Dentistry as currently conferred by recognized colleges and universities; the number of institutions reporting the use of each of these degrees; and their abbreviation or abbreviations, with the frequencies reported for each. Since some of the institutions did not indicate the abbreviations they use, the sum of the frequencies for abbreviations are often less than the total frequency given. Listed also (in italics) are 17 degrees not reported as currently conferred and their abbreviations as far as known, but without frequencises of use (indicated by x) except in the case of "spurious" (Spur.) degrees. Included are seven "spurious" degrees (see chapter VI); also four honorary (Hon.) degrees (see chapter V), none of which are 18 William J. Gies, Dental Education in the United States and Canada. New York: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1926. p. 72. 10 Association of American Universities, Proceedings, 1924, p. 25, in current use. The arrangement is in terms of associate, bachelor, master, doctor, and other degrees. 10. Education The present commonly used research degree of Doctor of Education was established at Harvard University in 1920 and first awarded to a class of five men in 1921. This was not the earliest research doctorate in education, however. The Doctor of Pedagogy, requiring research and a dissertation, was established at New York University (then known as the University of the City of New York), in 1890 and first awarded in 1891 to a class of 12, including two women-the first women to earn doctorates in the field of education. This degree was continued at this institution until 1923. Baccalaureate degrees in the field, however, were awarded much earlier. In 1877 the State University of Iowa conferred the Bachelor of Didactics on four individuals, and the same year the University of Missouri conferred the Bachelor of Pedagogics on one person. Additional information regarding the degree of Doctor of Education is given in chapter II, section 4. Information regarding the new degree of Specialist in Education or Education Specialist is given in chapter II, section 5. Below are listed the 256 degrees classified in table 10 in the field of Education as currently conferred by recognized colleges and universities; the number of institutions reporting the use of each of these degrees; and their abbreviation or abbreviations, with the frequencies reported for each. Since some of the institutions did not indicate the abbreviations they use, the sum of the frequencies for abbreviations are often less than the total frequency given. Listed also (in italics) are 62 degrees not reported as currently conferred and their abbreviations as far as known, but without frequencies of use (indicated by x). Included are 17 honorary (Hon.) degrees (see chapter V), 12 of which are in current use. The list is subdivided into 17 groups as follows: General, Agricultural, Art, Business, Counseling, Elementary, Health and Physical Education, Home Economics, Industrial and Vocational, Language, Music, Natural Science, Nursing, Religious, Secondary, Social Science, and Speech. In each group the arrangement is in terms of associate, bachelor, master, doctor, and other degrees. 114 |