Isreal, Saul, Norma H. Roemer and Loyal Durand, Jr. World Geography Today. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1966.

"For the most part, the Eskimos of the North American tundra make a scant living by fishing, trapping and hunting." pp. 498

499.

Patterson, Franklin, Jessamy Patterson, C. W. Hunnicut, Jean D. Grambs and James A. Smith. Man Changes His World. Chicago: L. W. Singer, 1963.

This text includes two stories about Eskimos. Both of these stories have illustrations accompanying the text in which the Eskimos are building snow igloos in the winter and tents in the summer. The stories follow a sequence on cave men, in which the cave men were dressed in shaggy skins and chasing animals over the snow with spears. The pictures of the Eskimos show men dressed in furs with similar spears chasing seals and caribou. The fact that at the end of the story there is a picture of a modern Eskimo classroom hardly compensates for the misrepresentation of Eskimos in the stories.

A quip about the clever Eskimos of today who can take apart an outboard motor also falls short of demonstrating the depth of understanding and adaptation now occurring in the villages and cities among the Native population. Preston, Ralph C., Caroline Emerson, P. E. Schrader and A. F. Schrader. Four Lands, Four Peoples. Boston: D. C. Health, Inc., 1966.

In the only mention of people in the Arctic the text says: "Eskimos and other wandering peoples can live in the Arctic by hunt ing and fishing." p. 31.

Senesh, Lawrence. Our Working World. Chicago: Science Research Associates, 1964.

See Appendix.

Thralls, Zoe A., Edward L. Biller and William Hartley. The World Around Us. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1965.

In this beautifully illustrated text pictures of Canadian Eskimos in tents and snow houses are shown as examples of Alaskan Eskimos. "Some Eskimos winter in sod huts; others build igloos of snow and ice." p. 21. p. 21.

Townsend, Herbert. Our Wonderful World. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1963.

"People (Eskimo) dress in furs and hunt seal, walrus and polar bear for food and clothing. Some live in huts made of earth and skins, but others build homes of frozen snow, called igloos. When the Eskimo wants to travel, he harnesses up his sled dogs, called huskies." p. 146.

High School

Bollens, John C. Communities and Government in a Changing World. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966.

"Many Eskimos of Alaska maintain a way of life not too different from that of generations of Eskimos that lived before them." p. 158.

Bradley, John Hodgdon. World Geography. Boston: Ginn, 1968. "The primitive Eskimo eats fish and seal meat not because he is too stupid or too lazy to raise corn and cows, and not necessarily because he prefers wild to cultivated food. He eats fish and seal meat because his physical environment will not provide enough hay for cows and heat for corn." p. 37. Although the author qualifies his statement about the Eskimos, the insinuation is still there, by mere mention of the words stupid and lazy. The author implies that Eskimos do other things because of stupidity and laziness. The use of the word "primitive" to modify Eskimo is unforgivable in this context.

Caughey, John W., John Hope Franklin and Ernest R. May. Land of the Free. New York: Benzinger Brothers, 1967.

"The hunting people of the Alaskan interior (Indians) are not particularly notable, but the Eskimo along the coast had made remarkable adjustment to a forbidding climate." p. 44.

"In a few remote places the Indians still possess the land and maintain the old way of life, as do the Eskimos." p. 49.

Cole, William E., and Charles S. Montgomery. High School Sociology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1967.

"Primitive Eskimos in Asia and North America had only themselves and their environment from which to make their living and from which to fashion a culture. Consequently they built their houses of blocks of snow and ice and skins. They subsisted largely upon sea animals, and used the fat, or 'blubber' of these animals for light and heat. Today they may have radios and cigarette lighters." p. 201.

Kolevzon, Edward R., and John A. Heine. Our World and Its Peoples. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1967.

There is no differentiation between Canadian and Alaskan Eskimos. "Sometimes domeshaped igloos are built from blocks of hard-packed snow." p. 74.

Packard, Leonard O., Bruce Overton and Ben D. Wood. Geography of the World. New York: Macmillan, 1959.

"Primitive peoples take from the earth what happens to be found in the regions in which they live. The Eskimos and the Lapps obtain all the necessities of their simple lives from the animals of the locality. To this they may add a crude shelter of stones or skins or blocks of snow." p. 58.

Sorenson, Clarence W. A World View. Morristown, N.J.: Silver Burdett, 1964.

"And the simple stone or snow houses of the Eskimo are heated and lighted by burning seal fat." p. 49.

B. WHY CARIBOU ESKIMO FAMILIES LIVE AS THEY DO*

In the far, far north, almost at the North Pole, it is very cold nearly all year round. In the winter the land is covered with deep snow. It is so deep that men and animals can hardly travel across it. The lakes and ocean are covered with ice, and it is very hard to catch fish. Most

Lawrence Senesh, Our Working World, (Chicago: S.R.A., 1964).

of the time the wind blows hard across the great open spaces. There are no trees to slow down the wind. In the winter the sun shines for only one hour each day. There is only darkness and cold. The summer is very short. But then there is sunshine all day long. A few plants poke through the snow at that time of year. But most of the time it is cold and dark, and there is little food to be found.

The people who live in this cold land are called Eskimos. The Eskimos cannot grow fruit and vegetables, because it is too cold. They cannot keep animals for food, because it is too hard to grow food for the animals. So they have to hunt or fish for all their food. In the winter the Eskimos who live near water hunt seals. An Eskimo man lies quietly next to a certain kind of hole in the ice. When a seal pokes its head through the hole to breathe, the Eskimo stabs a harpoon into it to kill it. From the seal the Eskimos get food and blubber. The blubber is the fat of the seal and is burned for light and heat. In the summer the seals swim far out to sea. Then the Eskimos have to hunt animals that live on land. The animal that they hunt mostly is the caribou. The caribou is a kind of reindeer. It is hunted with bows, arrows, spears, and guns. Because Eskimos have to hunt for their food, they have to travel a long way over great snowfields. They have to know how to tell what the weather will be. And they have to know how to make tools that will help them in a land of ice and snow.

Because Eskimos have to travel so much, they live in houses that can be made quickly. In the winter they make igloos of blocks of snow. An Eskimo can make an igloo big enough for his whole family in only a few hours. In the summers the Eskimos often live in tents that are made from the skin of the caribou. When they move in the summer, they take their tents with them. When they move in the winter they leave their igloos and build new ones when they need them.

The clothes that the Eskimos wear are also made from caribou skins. This clothing protects them from the water and the cold. Eskimos wear a lot of heavy clothing. Their clothing is carefully made and is decorated with beads and bright colors.

Some Eskimos spend part of their time trapping foxes. The fox skins are cleaned and stretched on a board until they are dry. Then the Eskimos take the skins to a trading post. There they trade the skins. for tea, flour, sugar, salt, and guns. The skins are the only things. that the Eskimos can trade, because they do not have the time to make anything for trading. Hunting for food takes almost all the Eskimos' time.

When the Eskimos want to have a good time, they play games, tell stories, sing songs, and make carvings. These carvings are very beautiful, but they are not very fancy. Eskimos have fun in simple ways. Because they must work so hard just to get food, to make clothing, and to build igloos, they have no time to spend on making other things that they might enjoy.

In the summer it is easier to find food, and a few Eskimo families live together. But as it gets colder, food becomes harder to find, and each family goes off to live by itself while hunting. So the Eskimo children may not see children from other Eskimo families for a long

C. A Comprehensive Study of One Reservation Community, Fort Hall, Idaho

1. EXPLANATORY NOTE

The Subcommittee discovered early in its investigations that a strict treatment of education alone would be virtually impossible. The problems of Indian education are inextricably bound up with economic, political, and social problems confronting the Indian individual and the Indian community in America. To attempt to completely unravel the education thread could only have produced half-understandings and half-truths. Thus, historical and legislative information, information about employment, housing, living conditions, mental health, and other areas have been included throughout this Report wherever such information helped to define the educational situation or to place it in its appropriate context.

The following report of the Fort Hall Indian Reservation in Idaho differs from this pattern. Its intent is to provide a comprehensive study of one reservation which includes an examination of the education of its children. Therefore, the report treats legislative and other history, resource development, and current conditions at some length, as well as presenting descriptive and performance data about elementary and secondary education. It is hoped that this case study will be useful not just as an intensive, unique view but also as a background against which the other field reports will assume greater meaning.

2. ITINERARY AND OBJECTIVES OF SUBCOMMITTEE VISITS TO FORT HALL

Two visits were made to the Fort Hall Reservation by the Senate Subcommittee on Indian Education; first in January, then in December of 1968. Both were fact-finding tours to investigate the nature of the educational program afforded Fort Hall's elementary and secondary students enrolled in the public schools of communities surrounding the Fort Hall Reservation.

Senators Robert Kennedy of New York and Frank Church of Idaho accompanied by Subcommittee Staff members, Adrian L. Parmeter and John Gray first visited the Fort Hall reservation on January 2, 1968. Arriving at the Indian Reservation on the morning of January 2nd, they were met by Mr. Kesley Edmo, a member of the Fort Hall Business Council. Visits were made to Fort Hall Health Clinic under the supervision of Dr. Stevens and to the Education Department of the Agency under the supervision of Mr. William Rifenberry. The rest of the morning was spent visiting the public schools.

The tour began with Fort Hall Elementary School (Lloyd Broadhead, Principal). Mr. I. T. Stoddard, Superintendent of District 55, Blackfoot, Idaho, accompanied the Senators and staff on this visit.

Next, West Center Elementary School, Blackfoot, Idaho (Mr. Donald Stalker, Principal), where a 6th grade and a 2nd grade class were observed. The Blackfoot Junior High School followed (Mr. Vaughn Hugie, Principal) and classrooms were again observed. Finally, the Blackfoot Senior High School (Mr. Carl Ferrin, Principal) was visited. The Senators dined with students in the Blackfoot Senior High School and with twelve Upward Bound students sponsored by Idaho State University and VISTA volunteers, then returned to Fort Hall Reservation visiting Indian homes en route. A meeting was held with officials of the Tribal Business Council and with committee members concerned with the education of Indian children and a news conference was held at the Fort Hall Elementary School.

The second trip to Fort Hall by Subcommittee Staff was made from December 3rd to December 15, 1968. The specific objective was to gather data on educational performance and socio-economic conditions. Arriving in Pocatello, Idaho, on December 3rd a meeting was held with the President of Idaho State University, Dr. William E. Davis who reiterated the interest of the University in Fort Hall Reservation and outlined ideas regarding the role of the University vis-a-vis the Indian people at Fort Hall. The staff next met with the Upward Bound tutor counselors who had volunteered to serve as research assistants while the Subcommittee was making its investigation at Fort Hall. A meeting with Dr. Joseph Hearst, the Dean of Liberal Arts of ISU followed. Subsequently, visits were made to the three public school districts near the reservation that accept Indian students. and interviews were conducted with school and agency personnel and with Indian parents and children.

Visits were made to and interviews held with:

-The Superintendents of the three school districts enrolling Fort Hall students;

-Hawthorne Junior High School and Highland Senior High School in the Pocatello District;

-Black foot Junior High School and Black foot Senior High Schools in the Black foot School District;

All schools in the American Falls School District;

-Guidance counselors and principals of schools visited;

-Fort Hall Agency personnel (BIA): Superintendent, Director of the Community Services Branch, the Realty Officer and a Water Resources Specialist;

-Tribal Business Council Committee Chairman;

-Tribal Councilmen ;

-Indian parents;

-Civil leaders: e.g., police chiefs, editors of newspapers of surrounding towns;

-The personnel director of Simplot Corporation (to discuss hiring

policies for Indians);

-The deans of departments at Idaho State University (to discuss programs for Fort Hall Indians).